Estratégia nacional de biodiversidade e plano de ação no quênia

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Estratégia nacional de biodiversidade e plano de ação no quênia
Compra de compra em PDF.
Jornal para a conservação da natureza.
Este artigo usa a análise de conteúdo para revisar políticas e documentos relevantes que promovem ou dificultam a geração e uso de dados de biodiversidade na África Oriental. A revisão constatou que todos os países da região estão comprometidos com convenções internacionais e regionais que enfatizam a proteção e a conservação da biodiversidade. Alguns dos outros impulsionadores da informática de biodiversidade incluem as políticas nacionais relacionadas à biodiversidade dos países, embora sejam poucas, que destacam a necessidade de sistemas de gerenciamento de dados de biodiversidade. No entanto, as políticas existentes são deficientes em termos de políticas para o gerenciamento de dados sobre biodiversidade. Sugestões para assegurar o sucesso da informática da biodiversidade na África Oriental incluem: (i) Evitar sobreposições, mas promovendo complementaridades dentro e / ou entre diferentes instituições e partes interessadas envolvidas na conservação da biodiversidade; (ii) Colocar em prática documentos políticos claros, completos e simples relativos à gestão de dados sobre biodiversidade.
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Evitar os erros do passado: em direção a uma estratégia de gestão orientada para a comunidade para o Parque Nacional proposto em Abuja-Nigéria.
Nos últimos tempos, os papéis da participação local no que antes era percebido como pura prestação de serviços públicos chegaram à linha de frente do debate político e da pesquisa acadêmica. Neste contexto, este documento enfoca os papéis das comunidades locais na gestão de ecossistemas protegidos usando o proposto parque nacional de Abuja como um estudo de caso. Com base na análise dos resultados de um levantamento sócio-econômico das comunidades na área de estudo, o artigo argumenta que a conservação sustentável do parque proposto só pode ser alcançada se um esquema de manejo que integre, capacite e envolva as comunidades locais. no planejamento e implementação do programa de gerenciamento do parque é colocado em prática. O documento sugere uma estratégia colaborativa como a da Gestão Coordenada de Recursos, que tem as características de promover uma atmosfera de comunicação aberta, garantindo a participação voluntária das partes interessadas e garantindo decisões por consenso, em vez daqueles que reforçam decisões usando meios legais e políticos.
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Estratégia nacional de biodiversidade e plano de ação no quênia
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA AGENDA 21: REVISÃO DOS PROGRESSOS REALIZADOS DESDE A CONFERÊNCIA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS SOBRE MEIO AMBIENTE E DESENVOLVIMENTO, 1992.
Informações fornecidas pelo Governo do Zimbábue para o.
Comissão das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
Departamento das Nações Unidas para a Coordenação de Políticas e Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
Divisão para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
As informações contidas neste perfil de país também estão disponíveis na World Wide Web, da seguinte maneira:
Este perfil do país foi fornecido por:
Nome do Ministério / Escritório:
Nota do Secretariado: Foi feito um esforço para apresentar todos os perfis dos países dentro de um formato comum, com um número igual de páginas. No entanto, quando os governos não forneceram informações para as tabelas anexadas aos Capítulos 4 e 17, essas tabelas foram omitidas inteiramente para reduzir o comprimento total do perfil e economizar papel. Consequentemente, pode haver algumas pequenas inconsistências entre os formatos dos diferentes perfis de país.
Todas as estatísticas são renderizadas conforme fornecidas pelos respectivos Governos.
ÍNDICE.
O Zimbábue participou ativamente da Cúpula da Terra, realizada no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em junho de 1992. O chefe da delegação do Zimbábue à Conferência do Rio foi Sua Excelência, o Presidente R. G. Mugabe. Um relatório nacional preparado com a participação de uma secção transversal da sociedade do Zimbabué foi submetido à Conferência. O Zimbábue apoiou ativamente os respectivos protocolos e convenções adotados na Cúpula da Terra, particularmente a Agenda 21, o ambicioso plano de ação global para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Desde então, esforços consideráveis ​​foram feitos e recursos alocados para avançar na implementação dos compromissos estabelecidos na Agenda 21.
Desde o início, o governo do Zimbábue reconheceu a necessidade de desenvolver e promover práticas de conservação e incentivar o desenvolvimento de forma sustentável. O primeiro passo nessa direção foi o desenvolvimento da "Estratégia Nacional de Conservação". (NCS) em 1987. A Estratégia tentou documentar o desenvolvimento e as pressões ambientais que a nação enfrenta e estabelecer um caminho para a capacitação para gerenciar esses problemas. A estratégia é extremamente importante na medida em que fornece o primeiro exame abrangente da base de recursos naturais e ambientais do Zimbábue e pronunciou a primeira declaração em direção à sustentabilidade.
A Estratégia Nacional de Conservação também ajudou a preparar o caminho para o governo do Zimbábue participar da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (UNCED). O Zimbábue tornou-se signatário da Declaração do Rio que comprometeu as nações a realizar ações coletivas e individuais para promover o desenvolvimento ambientalmente sustentável. Os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e as ações individuais a serem tomadas foram delineados na Agenda 21. Embora a Agenda 21 não seja juridicamente vinculante, ela fornece uma base sólida para os princípios e objetivos do desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade. Ele fornece uma agenda de ação para o século XXI, com prioridades, metas, estimativas de custos, modalidades e atribuição de responsabilidades. Existe a expectativa de que governos, organizações não-governamentais e o setor privado que adotaram a Agenda 21 dediquem tempo, atenção e recursos para sua implementação.
Em 1992, o governo concluiu uma pesquisa ambiental nacional para identificar e priorizar as questões ambientais nacionais e os objetivos de desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental. Os resultados da pesquisa foram precursores de uma Conferência sobre a Resposta Nacional à Cúpula do Rio, realizada em novembro de 1992. Os resultados da Conferência Nacional de Resposta foram documentados em um relatório orientado para a ação, que estabeleceu um curso de ação que governo e organizações não-governamentais devem seguir.
NOME DO PAÍS: ZIMBABWE.
1. Nome do principal Mecanismo Nacional de Coordenação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável / Conselho (s).
Ponto de contato (nome, cargo, cargo):
2a. Lista de ministérios e agências envolvidas:
2b. Nomes de órgãos paraestatais e instituições envolvidas, bem como participantes de organismos acadêmicos e do setor privado:
2c. Nomes de organizações não governamentais envolvidas:
3. Papel do mandato do mecanismo / conselho acima:
4. Se disponível, anexe um diagrama (organograma) mostrando a estrutura de coordenação nacional e as ligações entre os ministérios:
AGENDA 21 CAPÍTULO 2: COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL PARA ACELERAR O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL NOS PAÍSES EM DESENVOLVIMENTO E POLÍTICAS INTERNAS RELACIONADAS (com especial ênfase no COMÉRCIO)
Ambiente do comércio interno: O Zimbábue adotou a liberalização do comércio como um dos objetivos do Programa de Ajustamento Estrutural (ESAP), iniciado em 1991. Nesse programa, o país liberalizou quase completamente seus controles cambiais, introduziu regimes tarifários que equilibram a produção local e as importações. a fim de alcançar uma produção doméstica eficiente, ao mesmo tempo que desestimula o dumping.
Promoção de exportações: Também no contexto do ESAP, foi aprovada legislação destinada a estabelecer zonas de processamento de exportação. O principal objetivo é incentivar os pequenos e médios empresários a ingressar no mercado de exportação, proporcionando-lhes oportunidades de treinamento em gestão, produção de qualidade, estratégias de marketing, entre outros, e estabelecendo vínculos com grandes empresas. As empresas também são incentivadas a obter o status ISO 9000 e ISO 14000. A procura interna e a substituição ineficiente de importações, que era a ordem do dia anterior à independência, são agora desencorajadas pela exposição à concorrência internacional, pela educação através de feiras internacionais e pela modernização do equipamento de produção.
Comércio e Meio Ambiente: Atualmente, o Zimbábue não dispõe de um sistema de informação institucionalizado adequado sobre comércio e meio ambiente, especialmente informações sobre restrições ambientais a produtos de exportação. A falta de tal informação atua como uma barreira não-tarifária para os potenciais exportadores. Embora o Zimbábue seja signatário da OMC e da maioria das Convenções da OIT, não adota o uso indiscriminado de sanções comerciais como um mecanismo para fazer cumprir as políticas ambientais, já que isso pode se transformar em uma barreira não tarifária.
O Zimbábue é parte da Convenção CITES sobre Comércio de Espécies Ameaçadas e recebeu a COP 10 em junho de 1997. Também é membro do Grupo de Energia da África Austral, um programa para promover a cooperação na produção de energia para conservar energia na região. nível.
O Zimbábue apóia o programa de ação da CSD para assegurar que o comércio e o meio ambiente se apóiem ​​mutuamente, mas gostaria de receber apoio internacional para assegurar que a realização dessa meta não imponha barreiras comerciais adicionais aos bens dos países em desenvolvimento.
1. Estrutura de Tomada de Decisões: O fórum nacional que trata de questões relacionadas ao comércio é o Comitê de Relações Econômicas Comerciais, presidido pelo Ministério da Indústria e Comércio. A participação no comitê inclui tanto o governo quanto o setor privado.
2. Capacitação / Tecnologia: Sem informação.
3. Grupos Principais: O Governo; o Conselho do Consumidor do Zimbabué; a Confederação das Indústrias do Zimbábue; a Câmara Nacional de Comércio do Zimbábue; a Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento de Negócios Indígenas; a Organização Empresarial das Mulheres Indígenas; e o Grupo de Ação Afirmativa.
4. Finanças: A promoção do comércio no Zimbábue é principalmente uma responsabilidade do setor privado e o governo aloca um pequeno orçamento para a promoção comercial.
5. Cooperação Regional / Internacional: O Zimbábue é membro da OMC e da UNCTAD, parte da CITES e beneficiário das Convenções de Lomé. A nível regional, o Zimbabué é membro da SADC, PTA e COMESA.
AGENDA 21 CAPÍTULO 3: COMBATE À POBREZA.
A Estratégia Nacional do Zimbábue para Combater a Pobreza é esboçada em um documento de estrutura política, adotado em 1994, intitulado "Plano de Ação de Alívio da Pobreza". O impulso básico do PAAP é investir nas pessoas como o principal recurso do país. Os objetivos dessa estratégia serão alcançados por meio de gastos sociais direcionados, tomada de decisão descentralizada para que os pobres possam participar efetivamente, empoderamento dos beneficiários por meio de métodos participativos e reconhecimento de sua especialização e conhecimento, especialmente de seu meio ambiente, mover os pobres de bem-estar para renda produtividade e, finalmente, continuar a monitorar a política social e os indicadores de pobreza.
1. Despesa Social Específica: O Zimbábue acredita que o desenvolvimento humano é a chave para a erradicação da pobreza. Assim, 20% do orçamento do país é dedicado todos os anos ao financiamento da educação e da saúde.
2. Programa de Desenvolvimento Comunitário: Este programa, que está sob o PAAP, destina-se a fornecer recursos orçamentais diretamente às comunidades, que os utilizarão para financiar as suas próprias iniciativas de desenvolvimento comunitário. Este processo, como se espera, engendra a propriedade e responsabiliza as comunidades pelo uso de seus recursos.
3. Reassentamento da Terra: Como a pobreza nas áreas rurais foi exacerbada pela pressão da terra e uso excessivo de recursos, o Governo introduziu um programa de reassentamento de terras em 1983. O Governo comprou fazendas e reassentou pessoas de áreas comuns usando modelos específicos. Embora este programa tenha sido descontinuado em 1990, devido à falta de fundos para comprar terras, ele será retomado em breve.
4. Água Rural para Irrigação: Para melhorar a produtividade agrícola dos pobres rurais, particularmente em áreas áridas e semi-áridas, o Governo adotou um projeto Give-a-Dam que assegura que cada distrito tenha uma represa. Projetos de irrigação são estabelecidos para ajudar os pobres rurais a aumentar sua renda através de maior produtividade.
5. Eletrificação Rural: O Governo está atualmente mobilizando fundos para eletrificar áreas rurais. Um projeto de energia solar fotovoltaica, financiado pelo Global Environmental Facility (GEF), está sendo implementado para melhorar a iluminação nas áreas rurais.
6 O Governo, através do ESAP, está promovendo a indigenização da economia, bem como o desenvolvimento de pequenas e médias empresas e do setor informal. Isso está sendo feito por meio de políticas deliberadas para desregulamentar a economia e dando apoio financeiro e técnico ao setor informal. Os exemplos incluem: a) desregulamentação das instituições financeiras para facilitar o acesso ao crédito pelo setor informal e pelas PMEs; b) rever e alterar leis que impediram as PME e o sector informal de participarem na economia; c) remover restrições que inibem a mineração em pequena escala ambientalmente correta.
7. Programas de reforma econômica: Vários programas econômicos foram implementados para revitalizar a economia, com vistas a erradicar a pobreza a longo prazo. Estes incluem ESAP, Visão 2020 e o recém-adotado Programa do Zimbábue para a Transformação Econômica e Social (ZIMPREST). O último programa centra-se na redução da pobreza e na criação de emprego.
8 O Zimbábue também introduziu projetos de capacitação em planejamento que usam métodos participativos. Estes incluem os Planos de Ação Ambiental Distrital (DEAPs), o Plano Nacional de Combate à Desertificação (NAP) e o Plano Nacional de Ação Ambiental. À medida que o processo de planejamento continua, os projetos identificados podem ser implementados se o financiamento estiver disponível.
1. Estrutura decisória: os Ministérios do Governo Local, Desenvolvimento Rural e Urbano; Serviço Público, Trabalho e Previdência Social; Educação; Saúde; e Meio Ambiente e Turismo são centrais para combater a pobreza.
2. Capacitação / Tecnologia: O Programa de Capacitação do Conselho do Distrito Rural, lançado pelo Ministério do Governo Local, Desenvolvimento Rural e Urbano.
3. Grupos Principais: A população rural do Zimbábue, que constitui quase 80% da população.
4. Finanças: Nenhum orçamento direto, uma vez que a redução da pobreza é uma questão transversal. No entanto, estima-se que o Plano de Ação para Redução da Pobreza, por si só, requeira US $ 2,1 milhões. Veja também Relatório de Status.
5. Cooperação Regional / Internacional: Nenhuma informação.
Nível Nacional de Pobreza 1996 = 60%
Linha Nacional de Pobreza / Annum (US $) 1996 = 213,2.
Linha Nacional de Pobreza Alimentar / Annum 1996 = 128,9.
AGENDA 21 CAPÍTULO 4: MUDANÇA DE PADRÕES DE CONSUMO.
Objetivos da política nacional / foco.
Os padrões atuais de consumo do Zimbábue são muito baixos. Uma grande parte da população carece de nutrição básica. O foco do Governo é melhorar a qualidade de vida da maioria das pessoas através de estratégias de alívio da pobreza descritas no capítulo anterior. O Zimbábue apóia os objetivos da Agenda 21, particularmente aqueles que visam mudar os padrões de produção e consumo e erradicar a pobreza. Além disso, o Zimbábue possui programas para proteger os consumidores de produtos ruins.
* A Food and Food Standards Act obriga produtores locais a cumprir os requisitos de rotulagem que dão aos consumidores informações suficientes para tomar decisões.
* O conselho de controle de drogas estabelece padrões para os medicamentos produzidos localmente e importados.
* O Conselho de Consumidores do Zimbábue tem campanhas de conscientização dos consumidores em mídia impressa e eletrônica. Imprime aproximadamente 130 colunas por mês em jornais nacionais, revistas, etc.
1. Estrutura decisória: O Conselho do Consumidor do Zimbábue, a Food and Food Standards Board, sob o Ministério da Saúde e o Conselho de Controle de Drogas.
2. Capacitação / Tecnologia: Sem informação.
3. Grupos Principais: O público em geral e as Associações de Produtores Industriais.
4. Finanças: Nenhuma informação.
5. Cooperação Regional / Internacional: O Zimbábue é signatário da Declaração do Rio e endossa a Agenda 21, que incentiva os países, particularmente os desenvolvidos, a reduzir os padrões insustentáveis ​​de consumo que causaram degradação ambiental e pobreza. Através da Comissão de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, o Zimbábue espera participar efetivamente do alívio da pobreza e da mudança dos padrões insustentáveis ​​de consumo.
Políticas governamentais que afetam o consumo e a produção.
1. Metas e Agentes (Stakeholders)
Indique com um () os agentes que as políticas do seu governo são mais destinadas a influenciar.
2. Meios & amp; Medidas e Agentes (Stakeholders)
Indique com um (R) os agentes que assumem a responsabilidade primária por qualquer uma das medidas de política indicadas; indicar com um (I) os agentes para os quais se espera que o impacto seja especialmente significativo.
aspectos do ciclo de vida do produto.
(por exemplo, alternativas de transporte, reciclagem)
AGENDA 21 CAPÍTULO 5: DINÂMICA DEMOGRÁFICA E SUSTENTABILIDADE.
- População e educação;
- Jovens e adolescentes no Zimbabué: definições, problemas políticos, perspectivas e recomendações;
- reformas demográficas e legais;
- Envelhecimento da população no Zimbabué;
- desigualdades de cultura e gênero;
- População e Meio Ambiente;
- Saúde reprodutiva alargada: violência doméstica e abuso sexual infantil.
- Fertilidade adolescente e comportamento sexual no Zimbabué;
- Determinantes da mortalidade e mortalidade no Zimbabué;
- Determinantes da fertilidade no Zimbabué;
- População e emprego;
- pessoas com deficiência;
- Impacto demográfico, social e econômico precoce do HIV / AIDS no Zimbábue;
- Migração interna no Zimbabué 1982-1992.
Este trabalho de pesquisa está sendo sintetizado para ajudar a formular a Política Nacional de População, com estratégias específicas voltadas para questões populacionais, crescimento econômico, educação, meio ambiente, jovens / adolescentes, pessoas com deficiência, idosos, HIV / AIDS, saúde e nutrição, fertilidade. gestão, equidade de gênero, violência doméstica e abuso infantil, reformas legais e agricultura.
Deve-se notar que o foco na população tem sido principalmente melhorar a saúde da mãe e da criança, através do espaçamento das crianças e do manejo da fertilidade, ao invés de reduzir os números em si. Outra abordagem tem sido aumentar o acesso a dispositivos de controle de natalidade, bem como educação e conscientização, especialmente para mulheres e meninas. Os programas sobre a população geralmente se concentram na educação e conscientização, nos métodos de espaçamento e fertilidade das crianças e na saúde da mãe e da criança.
1. Estrutura decisória: Há uma proposta para estabelecer um Conselho Nacional de População, a ser presidido pela Comissão Nacional de Planejamento como um órgão de direção do governo, e também um Fórum Nacional de População para servir como um corpo intersetorial de Estado e atores não estatais.
2. Capacitação / Tecnologia: Universidade do Zimbábue - Unidade de Estudos da População.
- ministrar cursos de curta duração sobre estudos populacionais e de desenvolvimento;
- reforçar o sistema de registo vital e a recolha de dados ao nível distrital; e.
- fortalecer a capacidade das agências nacionais de coleta de dados.
3. Grupos Principais: Ministérios do Governo; ONGs; organizações de indústria e comércio; sindicatos; e organizações de agricultores.
4. Finanças: sem financiamento.
5. Cooperação Regional / Internacional: Nenhuma informação.
Esperança de vida (1990) 61 anos Taxa de crescimento populacional 3,1%
IMR (1990) 66/1000 47% pop. abaixo de 15 anos.
CMR (1990) 26/1000 3% pop. acima de 65 anos.
TFR (1994) 4,30 taxa de prevalência de contraceptivos (CPR) = 42% (15-44)
AGENDA 21 CAPÍTULO 6: PROTEGENDO E PROMOVENDO A SAÚDE HUMANA.
A atenção primária à saúde é sustentada por uma Política Nacional intitulada "Equity In Health". Esta política enfatiza a prestação de cuidados de saúde primários, que inclui: educação sobre os problemas de saúde prevalentes e métodos de prevenção e controle; promoção do fornecimento de alimentos e nutrição adequada; fornecimento adequado de água potável e saneamento básico; cuidados de saúde materna e infantil, incluindo planeamento familiar e imunização contra as principais doenças infecciosas; prevenção e controle de doenças endêmicas locais; tratamento adequado de doenças e lesões comuns e fornecimento de medicamentos essenciais.
Segue-se uma lista de outros programas que também foram implementados:
Controle de doenças transmissíveis: Um Sistema de Vigilância Rápida e Semanal que liga 420 centros de saúde nacionalmente e monitora malária, sarampo, diarréia e disenteria. O efeito do HIV-AIDS também está sendo integrado ao sistema.
Informação pública & amp; educação em saúde: O Zimbábue está desenvolvendo um Programa de Mestrado em Saúde Escolar, no qual são ensinados 2 professores por escola primária de saúde primária, incluindo questões de HIV-AIDS. Para complementar o programa, materiais didáticos foram desenvolvidos, como o & quot; Health for Living & quot; para grau prim�io 1-7, e? Cuidando do meu corpo? para o grau 1-4. Uma estratégia de educação em saúde 1995-2000 foi adotada com ênfase em HIV / AIDS, tuberculose, controle de diarréia, desnutrição infantil, saúde reprodutiva e comunicação interpessoal para pessoal de saúde. Todas essas estratégias são complementadas por campanhas de educação pública, tais como: o Dia da Bebida Satisfeita, Dia do Não Fumo, Dia Mundial da Aids, Dia Mundial da Saúde, Dia Mundial da Amamentação, Dia Mundial da Saúde Mental, entre outros. Recentemente, o Zimbabué introduziu uma Carta dos Doentes para ajudar os pacientes a tomarem decisões informadas sobre os seus cuidados.
Protegendo grupos vulneráveis: O Zimbábue é signatário da Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança e já elaborou um Plano de Ação para as crianças. Programas específicos para proteger a saúde e o bem-estar das crianças incluem a Alimentação Suplementar para Crianças, para crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade, e Promoção da Amamentação. Até à data 39 hospitais amigáveis ​​do bebê foram estabelecidos que promovem o uso exclusivo do leite materno. Programas de monitoramento de crescimento foram introduzidos em todas as clínicas e comunidades, a única limitação é a disponibilidade de escalas.
Promoção de mulheres na tomada de decisões: O Zimbábue iniciou um programa, com a assistência da OMS, para promover a saúde da mulher, a alfabetização funcional e atividades de geração de renda por meio de ações intersetoriais. O objetivo é melhorar os padrões de vida e o estado de saúde das mulheres vulneráveis ​​e usar seu status de saúde como medida de desenvolvimento. Este foi inicialmente um projeto piloto a ser implementado no distrito de Chivi, que será replicado para outros distritos. O grupo alvo incluiu mulheres entre os 15 e os 49 anos de idade, com pelo menos uma criança com menos de 15 anos, uma criança que morreu de doenças evitáveis, com menos rendimentos, incapazes de ler e escrever e que pode ser solteira. mães. O projeto tem sido um grande sucesso na melhoria da saúde da mulher, bem como do seu status socioeconômico e está pronto para replicação.
1. Estrutura de Tomada de Decisão: O Ministério da Saúde desempenha um papel regulatório em questões relacionadas à saúde pública e à atenção primária à saúde. Este ministério trabalha em estreita colaboração com os ministérios do Ambiente e Turismo, Trabalho e Bem-Estar Social em saúde ambiental, saúde ocupacional e segurança, respectivamente. As autoridades locais fornecem e gerenciam centros de saúde de nível local e também são responsáveis ​​pela gestão de resíduos e controle de poluição. O Conselho Consultivo dos Padrões de Alimentos e Alimentos e o Conselho Consultivo de Drogas representam os fóruns intersetoriais para discutir questões relacionadas à saúde.
2. Capacitação / Tecnologia: Sem informação.
- Profissionais dos profissionais de saúde.
4. Financiamento: O financiamento dos serviços de saúde no Zimbábue é principalmente proveniente de receitas fiscais complementadas por assistência substancial dos doadores. Em 2,5% do orçamento do governo, a assistência médica é uma das maiores. No entanto, essa alocação é pequena demais para atender às necessidades de saúde da população. A maioria dos centros de saúde carece de instalações essenciais e medicamentos básicos.
5. Cooperação Regional / Internacional: O Zimbábue é um membro da Organização Mundial da Saúde e usa alguns dos padrões e diretrizes da OMS no campo da saúde.
AGENDA 21 CAPÍTULO 7: PROMOÇÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL DO ACORDO HUMANO.
- Famílias individuais (urbanas e rurais);
- Centros de Serviços Rurais;
- Cidades (Rural e Mineração);
- Municípios e cidades.
O Zimbábue assina o conceito de assentamentos humanos planejados e implementou programas para desenvolver assentamentos humanos, como a urbanização, que envolve o replanejamento de áreas rurais para facilitar a prestação de serviços. Centros de serviços foram designados através de planejamento físico para garantir a acessibilidade às comunidades a que servem. O Governo, através de diferentes departamentos, tem programas para fornecer vários serviços. A estrutura do governo local, instituída em 1984, pretendia descentralizar o planejamento e incentivar o investimento nas áreas rurais.
Como em muitos outros países em desenvolvimento, o Zimbábue continua sofrendo com a migração rural para a urbana, levando ao crescimento insustentável das cidades, o que resultou em assentamentos humanos insustentáveis, uma vez que o governo não consegue atender às demandas urbanas habitacionais.
Um projeto de capacitação foi instituído para desenvolver a capacidade em conselhos distritais rurais para capacitá-los a promover assentamentos humanos sustentáveis.
Abrigo: O Zimbábue adotou, em 1992, uma política de construção habitacional cujo objetivo principal é promover a produção rápida e em massa de moradias e a modernização de favelas por unidades de construção da MPCNH. O Ministério aplica seu know-how profissional e técnico, financeiro e outros pontos fortes para utilizar a terra para habitação e complementar as iniciativas da autoridade local. Todas as políticas de habitação subsequentes foram orientadas para a oferta de alojamento decente, durável e acessível para todas as famílias em todos os setores urbanos e rurais.
O Relatório Nacional de Habitação aborda "AGENDA 21 e sua Implicação" (MPCNH, 1996). O Zimbábue participou da Conferência Habitat II em Istambul, em 1996. O MPCNH projetou um “Quadro para o Futuro Desenvolvimento de Assentamentos Humanos no Zimbábue”, que visa superar as atuais restrições enfrentadas em assentamentos humanos ao adotar um plano de ação esperado para resultar em sustainable development and improvement of human settlements over the period 1996 - 2010.
Most urban centres in the country have operational master plans guiding their development which ensure sustainable land management. Issues of concern emerging in large towns include urban sprawl, traffic congestion, water pollution and agricultural land use conflicts, all with potentially negative impacts on the environment. Shanties and informal settlements are a source of housing for the urban poor.
Infrastructure connections are good in large and medium towns but poor in rural areas. Up to 81% of urban households are supplied with water, compared to 35% in rural areas, and 67% urban households have sewerage, compared with 37% in rural areas. Rapid rural growth in Harare has implied decreased accessibility, congestion and a strain on infrastructure facilities. Waste management is also becoming a problem in large towns.
The current policy is to create an enabling environment for the growth of medium and small towns, through the designation and planning of provincial capitals in eight provinces, and the development of infrastructure at growth points to encourage industrial activity in rural districts.
Houses in Zimbabwe are comparatively affordable, although there is inadequacy for 40% of urban dwellers, with 97% of the structures classified permanent and complying with the existing regulation. Structures in rural and informal settlements are of non durable materials. Housing provision is currently low as indicated by the low investment in the sector despite good policies.
In terms of finance, the Government has offered subsidies to encourage private financial institutions to issue low income mortgages, to make housing more affordable for households in the lower income bracket. A large proportion of the budget in the fiscal year 1995 was channeled to low income stand development. The 1992 revision of the Minimum Building and Planning Standards, a policy of the Housing Act which was previously a strain on the poor and on affordability, reduced the plot size for low income detached house from 300 square meters to 150 square metres, and the minimum plot area from 50 to 36 square metres. As a result of the 1992 reforms, 70% of the population can now afford to buy a house, a rise from 23% before 1992. The lowest income groups address their housing needs through self-reliance and collective support and 60% of housing finance comes from people's own savings.
The Government implements the concept of public/private partnership or joint venture for low income housing. The use and approval of locally available materials such as thatch, stabilized blocks, farm bricks has implied savings on costs, time and transport. Nonetheless, 66,000 housing units have to be built a year, until the year 2000, in order to eliminate Zimbabwe's housing shortages.
In rural areas, the MPCNH is encouraging an integrated approach to rural settlement provisions, which involves the participation of other Government departments, NGOs, the private sector and the community itself. Government initiatives recognize the needs of vulnerable groups, such as women, youth, the aged, among others, and its efforts are concentrated at leveling the terms of access rather than affirmative action.
Up to 55% of urban households are supplied with electricity, compared to 28% in rural areas. The bulk of the remaining households rely on fuel wood with its attendant impact on the environment. The Government through the Department of Energy is exploring and promoting alternative sources of energy, such as solar energy and biogas as well as energy saving devices. The rural electrification programme which started in 1982 has not progressed as anticipated.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The guiding principles and basic sectoral settlement policies are identified in the Regional Town and Country Planning Act with related statutory instruments. The Housing Standards Act and related Model Building Bye-laws, as well as the Minimum Building and Planning Standards defines the standards for shelter and structures. The Department of Physical Planning of the Ministry of Local Government Urban and Rural Development (MLGURD) is working towards a National Urban Development Strategy which will address the fast annual urban population growth rate. The MPCNH has produced a National report on Human Settlements in Zimbabwe, a basis for a framework for future human settlements developments and Plan of Action for the period 1996 - 2010.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: In 1996 the Ministry of Local Government, Urban and Rural Development set up a capacity building programme for Rural District Councils. The programme trains local authorities in terms of manpower, institutional building, resources and human resource development. The Department of Rural and Urban Planning of University of Zimbabwe carries out research and training in this area.
3. Major Groups: The public sector, local authorities, community based organizations, NGOs, the private sector and civic groups.
4. Finance: Building societies, the Government, local authorities, insurance and pension funds, individuals, and co-operatives.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The Government of Zimbabwe encourages increased partnerships with the private sector, NGOs, other members of the civil society, and the international community. Zimbabwe participated in Habitat II, Istanbul 1996, as well as in the SADCC and other regional initiatives in local and regional development planning.
The World Bank and the Zimbabwe Urban Development Project provided a loan in 1995 to promote Zimbabwe's financial and institutional capacity to supply affordable housing through reform of the housing delivery system and the housing mortgage market. The 1995 USAID and the Private Sector Housing Programme address the institutional bottlenecks with respect to registration of surveys and deeds as well as shelter provision in terms of housing guarantee loan.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING.
(See pages vii and viii at the beginning of the profile)
The Environmental Impact Assessment Policy of 1994 was developed as a tool to ensure that development proposals are environmentally sound. The government is working on translating the policy into law under the current environmental law reform process. It is also working on sectoral guidelines for EIA, and has completed a review of environmental standards with a view to developing new standards to facilitate environmental monitoring.
The current environmental law reform seeks to provide a legal framework for environmental management. An economic analysis of the law reform is underway to examine the impact of the environmental management law on the economy as well as the use of economic instruments.
The ESAP has also included retrofitting and retooling to ensure that the economic machinery does not harm the environment.
Capacity building in planning and policy coordination is in progress in order to link closely the environmental and economic planning functions.
All of the above measures are meant to ensure that the environment and economic development are integrated.
1. Decision-Making Structure (please also refer to the fact sheet): No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments.
The Montreal Protocol (1987) was ratified in 1992 and came into force in 1993.
The London Amendment (1990) was ratified in 1994.
The Copenhagen Amendment (1992) was ratified in 1994.
The latest report(s) to the Montreal Protocol Secretariat was prepared in 1993. The reports were on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Greenhouse Gas Abatement Costing Country Studies.
An Ozone Office was created to coordinate the implementation of projects under the Montreal Protocol and is currently working on the terms of reference of the study to collect data on ozone depleting gases, their consumption, importation and exportation. The study is expected to be completed by the end of 1997. A project to recycle CFCs in under implementation and six projects in retrofitting of refrigerators are also underway.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The UNFCC was ratified in 1992 and the instruments for Zimbabwe came into force in 1994.
The country is in the process of carrying out inventories of greenhouse gases, developing a communication strategy and an action programme. A solar photovoltaic pilot project for rural lighting is being implemented with GEF support.
Zimbabwe is currently part of a UNDP capacity building project which includes Mali, Ghana and Kenya. The project will help build capacity in these countries to respond to their obligations under the UNFCC and facilitate the production of National Communications required by November 1997. The National Communications will present a summary of climate related activities in Zimbabwe and will be the result of a broad-based consultation process. Other projects completed in the context of climate change include: UNITAR's training project; US country studies on inventories, vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation; and UNEP's project on cost abatement.
The CC Train programme (1993-1994) was implemented to raise awareness among government officials, private sector, University, and NGO community on environmental issues.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) has the overall responsibility for climate change and ozone issues. Besides the MET, there are other institutions which address atmospheric activities, such as:
* The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, which is responsible for air pollution as it relates to its impacts on human health.
* The Department of Meteorology in the Ministry of Transport and Energy, which is responsible for meteorological data as it relates to the atmosphere. This department has programmes for drought monitoring and early warning systems primarily as they relate to the agricultural sector.
* Local authorities of major urban and mining centres, such as Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare, Hwange and Kwekwe. Local authorities, like the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, collect data emissions (both dust and gases) as it relates to human health.
* The Department of Energy in the Ministry of Transport and Energy. The Department is generally responsible for energy development, efficiency and consumption. This includes reduction of emissions from the energy sector.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Capacity building programmes are being developed in various institutions in two forms. The first involves sending personnel to institutions in developed countries that deal with similar issues. For example, Meteorological Officers have been going on training programmes at centres such as the Drought Monitoring Centre, in Nairobi, and the Australian National Meteorological Centre. The second includes sending officers for further training in universities and colleges. However, these capacity building programmes need to be expanded to include all the technical requirements in the management of climate change issues and how they relate to the environment.
3. Major Groups: The three major groups which are being targeted are industry, including the informal sector, the general public, forestry, agriculture and the water sector (large dams).
4. Finance: Donor funds have been allocated to climate change and ozone related activities. Out of the total amount, the contribution made by the Government is 15 percent, mainly through the provision of office facilities and salaries for the Ministry of Environment and Tourism personnel. The remainder of the finances are being provided by GEF.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: International cooperation is being fostered through participation in various panels of experts of the Ozone Protocol and the Climate Change Convention. Zimbabwe is currently participating in a regional study to evaluate the reduction of greenhouse gases under the Regional Power Pool Project and the SADC Regional Early Warning System.
Nitrogen dioxide from the energy sector.
Methane from the energy sector.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND RESOURCES.
There are various Governmental and non-governmental agencies responsible for the management of land resources in Zimbabwe. Land degradation is one of the major environmental problems especially in communal areas. The Government has put into place programmes to improve the planning and management of land resources.
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) currently has an interim Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) policy, introduced in 1994, which ensures that the potential and known ecological, cultural, social and economic impacts resulting from land and water use are minimized or eliminated. The EIA programme continues to evolve into an integrated network of programmes that work in support of an ecosystem approach to management, as well as develop Environmental Operating Guidelines for the various sectors. The MET is drafting a consolidated and effective new Environmental Management Act to clarify its mandate and co-ordinate the responsibilities of all agencies, the private sector and communities so as to ensure the best possible land use and management of land resources. Included in the current information on management systems is the State of Environmental Reporting and Environmental monitoring.
In 1996, the MLGRUD introduced a nation-wide capacity-building programme for Rural District Councils (RDC) following the 8 pilot district project. The 5-year national programme increases local authorities' capacity in terms of manpower, institution building and human resources development. The process empowers local authorities to make policies, plan and manage resources and take effective action at the local level, based on locally driven approaches.
The MET has spearheaded various initiatives, programmes and services designed for sustainable planning and management of land resources. The District Environmental Action Planning (DEAP) programme, under implementation by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), the MLGRUD, and NGOs, is a locally-based initiative which uses horizontal communication systems and empowers grassroots communities in planning and decision making regarding their human and natural resource needs. The Ministry of Agriculture, through its department Agritex, provides land capability (or suitability) classification for land use plans at farm, village, communal, district and regional levels. This allows farmers and communities to make informed decisions on sustainable, viable and optimum land use systems. Land use plans take account of social, cultural, ecological, and economic issues.
The MET is setting up a national sustainable development data base for Zimbabwe, which will be in time series, consisting of national level indicators, such as economic, social and environmental development. The data will be used by researchers; it will feed into the National State of the Environment reporting process which is also coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Twelve agencies comprise the working committee allowing exchange of information. Zimbabwe currently has a vegetation and mapping system (VEGRIS) in the Forestry Commission for vegetation monitoring and mapping. The DNR has set up an integrated resource management information system (IRIS) as a management tool for describing and assessing Zimbabwe's natural resources. The Department of the Surveyor General produces maps and other related information which are available for use by various Departments.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism is responsible for the management of natural resources. Provisions of the proposed Environmental Management Act will enable the MET to coordinate all agencies to ensure planning for best possible land use and management. In addition, the Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, through its Department of Physical Planning, has the mandate to produce Master Plans which take into consideration environmental issues, as a result of the provisions of the Regional Town and Country Planning Act. The Department of Physical Planning is also responsible for national urban development strategies which take cognizance of the economic and demographic impact of the national policies in spatial terms. The Rural District Councils Act gives councils the power to plan and control land use at the district level.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Zimbabwe Natural Resources Management Programme incorporates a capacity building component in the areas of resource monitoring, information dissemination, planning, policy coordination, and socio-economic analysis. The EPCU in liaison with the University of Zimbabwe has offered scholarships for students taking a masters programme in policy and planning.
3. Major Groups: Local Communities, farmers, local government, and the private sector.
4. Finance: Substantive funding for the planning and management of land resources has been provided by the Government through its Public Sector Investment Programme (PSIP). Donor funding has also been provided for specific programmes, such as DEAP, NAP, Biodiversity and Rural Afforestation.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING DEFORESTATION.
Deforestation is one of the major environmental problems facing Zimbabwe. About 70,000 to 100,000 ha of forest is cleared every year and the forest cover is estimated to be declining at a rate of 1.5% per year (UNDP, 1997). The main causes of deforestation include increasing demand for land for agricultural development and dependence on wood as fuel in the rural areas. Deforestation has caused land degradation and siltation of rivers and dams. A large amount of biodiversity has also been lost and so has the socio-cultural role of forests. The loss of forests is somehow linked to the growing poverty in the rural areas.
Programmes to Combat Deforestation.
1. Improved environmentally sound harvesting practices.
2. Afforestation programmes.
3. Increased agroforestry activities.
4. Promotion of non-consumptive use of forest resources.
5. Value added secondary processing of forest products were explored at the community level.
6. Increasing the capacity of the Forestry Commission in monitoring deforestation and changes in the vegetation cover.
7. The Schools and Colleges Tree Growing and Tree Care Programme was implemented in 1992/93 as part of the National Tree Planting Programme. Significant impact on reforestation was achieved, justifying the programme's integration in 1995/96 into the Forestry Extension Services Division of the Forest Commission in order to sustain its successful activities.
8. There was an increase in tree seedling production from 4.5 million in 1992, with 74% raised at the community, to 7 million in 1994, with 80% produced at community based nurseries, in line with the strategy to decentralize this activity and to involve communities in reforestation.
9. Another relevant initiative is the formation of an NGO-based working group on woodlands. This group is a think-tank of four NGOs, the SAFIRE, the ENDA, the Biomass User's Network and ZERO, who meet periodically to discuss woodland management issues in Zimbabwe. One of their activities has been to hold consultations to formulate a woodland management policy for the country.
Despite these programmes, the rate of deforestation continues to exceed afforestation efforts. The Government has realized the need to adopt a more integrated approach to resource management using participatory methodologies which the DEAP project is elaborating . There is also the need for more investment into affordable alternative energy sources in order to reduce rural communities' dependency on fuelwood.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), through the Forestry Commission, a parastatal which is the lead implementing agency of the Forestry Act, is responsible for the forestry sector. The Department of Parks and Wildlife Management, the Natural Resource Board, and the Department of Natural Resources, under the MET, through the provisions of the Natural Resources Act, the Communal Lands Forest Produce Act and the Parks and Wildlife Act, contribute towards the sustainable utilization and management of Natural Resources, including forests. Rural District Councils are responsible for land use planning and utilization of forest resources at the district level. The Strategic Directions, formulated by the MET in 1996, represent a holistic approach to the implementation of environmental policies integrating the statutory land based institutions of all its departments, parastatals, boards and authorities.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Forestry Commission invests in post graduate staff development programmes to meet needs as they arise. Nineteen diploma course students graduate every year from the Zimbabwe College of Forestry of the FC, and the Forestry Industry Training Center has also increased its output from 21 in 1992/93 to an enrolment of 62 students in 1995.
3. Major Groups: Local communities, grassroots institutions, local government institutions, private farmers, farmer organizations, NGOs, private plantation owners, concessionaires, women, youth and children.
4. Finance: The government's grant for development activities has declined in real terms. The commercial operations are profitable.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Zimbabwe is a signatory of the Earth Charter and subscribes to the principles of Agenda 21 and related conventions, such as the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The Government also participates on the Ad hoc Intergovernmental Panel on Forests.
Zimbabwe cooperates with international institutions in order to improve its plantation productivity and broaden the genetic base of important exotic species. The Forestry Commission has benefited from its membership in the Central America and Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative. In addition, through the coordinating activities of the Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe will host, in 1997, the 15th Commonwealth Forestry Conference whose theme will be "Forestry in a changing political environment; challenges for the 21st century." The Zimbabwe College of Forestry is accessible to regional students, mostly from other SADCC countries.
(*) Reforestation rate of only commercial and exotic species (in hectares) 1992 = 3,225.
(*) Total seedling production by FC programmes including communities (millions) 1992 = 7.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter.
Encroaching desertification and land degradation are major environmental concerns in Zimbabwe. A 1993 survey showed that about 10% of the land is moderately to extensively eroded, with 23% of the communal areas showing significant erosion. Despite the fact that only 25% of the land in Zimbabwe is suitable for agricultural use, due to poverty and the lack of alternative livelihoods, people continue to exploit limited natural resources for their survival. Consequently, water scarcity and drought are affecting a significant portion of the country.
In 1994 Zimbabwe signed the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) initiated at the Earth Summit in Rio. The process to ratify the Convention is underway. Zimbabwe is a Party to both the Climate Change and the Biodiversity Conventions. Zimbabwe's commitment to the implementation of anti-desertification and drought mitigation activities, with the effective participation of communities, goes back to 1987 when Zimbabwe took the initiative of designing a National Conservation Strategy. In 1995 the Desertification Convention National Awareness Workshop was held with the participation of all stakeholders. In addition, Zimbabwe has undertaken the following activities in the context of the Convention to Combat Desertification:
I. Awareness raising campaign, promoted by an interim committee, the forerunner of a permanent task force on Desertification spearheaded by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
ii. Compilation of a work plan summary and background information papers for the development of the National Action Plan.
iii. Consultation processes to establish a National Desertification Fund.
iv. A National Workshop was convened, in 1995, to develop a Desert Margins Initiative (DDI) Strategy and to identify a specific objective for Zimbabwe focusing on policies, research and technology transfer programmes for dry land natural resource management systems.
The implementation, in 1993, of the District Environmental Action Planning Programme (DEAP) in four pilot districts, as a follow up response to the 1992 Agenda 21, provides an opportunity to implement initiatives relating to the CCD, the Climate Change and the Biodiversity Conventions through participatory approaches.
The Government is currently implementing programmes to address land degradation, such as: gully rehabilitation, extension and training, grazing schemes, conservation tillage, mechanical conservation, biological conservation, woodlot programme consolidated gardens, protection and conservation of wetland, sponges and springs; awareness and enforcement through the Natural Resources Act.
Drought monitoring and mitigation.
1. Food Security and Early Warning Project, which covers SADC.
2. Establishment of a drought monitoring center.
3. Food Reserves Programme to improve food holding capacity and technology.
4. Zimbabwe adopted a policy of building a medium size dam per district per year, a target which has not been achieved. A more successful initiative, started in 1993 in partnership with the private sector, NGOs, and donors and administered by local authorities, is the "Give a Dam Programme" in which organizations assist communities to construct small dams.
5. Drought relief through food distribution, borehole drilling and drought recovery programmes consisting of seed and fertilizer packs alleviate the impact of drought on poor households.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) is responsible for the conservation, protection and sustainable use of the country's natural resources. The Natural Resources Act and the Forestry Act facilitate the regulation, control, and coordination of anti-desertification activities by enabling the MET to spearhead and coordinate the implementation of the CCD. The Natural Resources Board, the Department of Natural Resources, the Forestry Commission, and the Department of Parks and Wildlife are institutions of the MET which implement its various programmes and functions. The MET applies information management in its resource management efforts, the supporting applications include: state of the environment reporting; environmental monitoring; and ecological land classification. These outputs assist the MET in making policies and decisions to combat desertification.
The Ministry of Lands and Water (MLW) controls water use through the provisions of the Water Act. Its mandate includes the development, sustainable use and allocation of water resources and the protection of catchment areas.
The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the Early Warning Unit, the strategic grain reserve and drought recovery programmes. The Rural District Councils Act empowers RDC to make bye-laws relating to the management and conservation of indigenous resources. The legal framework with implications on desertification processes include the Communal Land Forest Produce Act, the Mines and Minerals Act and the Parks and Wildlife Act.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Natural Resources Management Programme has maintained a focus on capacity building in policy development and integrated resource monitoring.
3. Major Groups: Local communities, the private sector, and NGOs.
4. Finance: The establishment of the National Desertification Fund, which is still under consultation, is viewed as essential to augment public funds.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Zimbabwe is active in such regional programmes as the SADC Regional Early Warning Unit, the Zambezi River System Action Plan, and the SADC Environment and Land Management Sector Programme. Through initiatives of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, Zimbabwe implemented five pilot projects which address desertification problems through improved land management.
A 1993 survey showed that about 10% of the land is extensively to moderately eroded.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT.
Mountain pilot project initiatives were implemented by the government in 1988, 1989, and 1992 for biodiversity conservation. The Mapembe Mountain has been declared a protected area under the Natural Resources Act. What is unique about the Mapembe Mountain Conservation Project is that local communities requested the Natural Resources Board to protect the mountain environment as a conservation area; in turn protecting the cultural value of the mountain. This project is community based with full participation in the protection of the mountain ecosystem, both for ecological and cultural reasons.
The Hwedza Mountain Project is still in the planning stage. Delays in implementation have occurred because the request did not come from the local communities but from the Hwedza Intensive Conservation Area committee.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
Special area programmes, such as the mid-Zambezi Valley, have had strategic plans designed for easier inter sectoral coordination for sustainable rural development purposes. ARDA, a parastatal, has the mandate to implement agricultural and rural development programmes aimed at improving the livelihoods of small scale farmers. Some of its most prominent programmes include: the Integrated Rural Development Programme in Masvingo, the Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Project in Mashonaland East, and the Small Scale Coffee and Fruit Growers Programme in Eastern Highlands. In all these programmes issues of conservation, economic and social impact are incorporated and closely monitored. Since 1992 Agritex, the agricultural extension department, and most extension organizations have re-oriented extension and programme approach to include diagnostic surveys, participatory rural appraisal, and farming systems approach to improve communication and interface with farmers.
Sustainable Rural Development Programmes.
Although Zimbabwe has initiated some successful rural development programmes, more needs to be accomplished in this area. Some examples include the following:
1. The Department of Energy has developed programmes to identify alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind and badges. The GEF Solar Photovoltaic Project for rural households and community use in Zimbabwe was implemented in 1993 with the objective of installing 9000 systems in rural areas, as a pilot project. By 1996, 6000 systems had been installed.
2. A rural electrification programme was introduced in 1985, however, due to financial limitations it has not realized the desired goals.
3. Fuel-saving stoves and alternative sources of energy have been developed to alleviate shortages of energy in rural areas and help combat land degradation.
4. The CAMPFIRE programme has been established to promote rural development by allowing communities to benefit from sustainable utilization of wildlife resources.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Agriculture has the primary responsibility for the agricultural sector. It exercises control, regulatory, advisory, and information dissemination functions through various acts, policies, and programmes. The Ministry is also responsible for maintaining the strategic grain reserve. Important acts relevant for sustainable agricultural development include: the Plant Pests and Diseases Control Act; the Animals Health Act; the Plant Breeders Rights Act; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds and Remedies Act, and the Agricultural Research Act. The Ministry of Lands and Water Development is responsible for the Water Act and for the allocation of water rights through the Water Courts. Their mandate includes the development of underground water resources, and medium and large size dams.
ARDA, a parastatal of the Ministry of Lands and Water Development, is a rural development agency responsible for various rural development programmes. The Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development is responsible for the implementation of the resettlement programme through its District Development Fund. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism, together with the Department of Natural Resources, the Natural Resources Board, the Intensive Conservation Areas Committees and the Forestry Commission, is responsible for ensuring the sustainable use of land resources through the Natural Resources Act.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: There are six agricultural colleges under the Ministry of Agriculture which train extension officers. The University of Zimbabwe and Africa University are also involved in training programmes. The Agricultural Research Council of the Ministry of Agriculture coordinates research efforts to ensure that country research needs are met. The Scientific and Industrial Development Center focuses on biotechnology and capacity building.
3. Major Groups: Farmers and communities, the Farmers Union, and NGOs.
4. Finance: The Agricultural Finance Corporation, a parastatal, has farmer credit schemes.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Zimbabwe houses and coordinates the Southern Africa Development Conference Food Security Sector Programme. There are sub-sectors on agricultural research in Botswana, on animal production, livestock control, forestry wildlife and fisheries in Malawi, and an Environmental Land Management Sector in Lesotho. Common policies in these efforts originated from a regional strategy in Food Agriculture and Natural Resources and Environment developed in 1987. SADC has a pre-Rio agenda and its post-Rio agenda has seen member states develop new environmental policies and action plans and introduce environmental impact assessment measures. There are new resource management policies and laws such as several Zambezi Action Plan Projects which were completed with new principles and guidelines for shared watercourse systems.
In the Agricultural Sector Zimbabwe cooperates with such international organizations as FAO and ICRISAT, and with donor agencies, such as USAID, GTZ, DANIDA and the World Bank.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.
The mechanism for in situ conservation is through the establishment of protected areas. These cover 13% of the country and were established under the Parks and Wildlife Act. They include Parks and Wildlife state land, Botanical Reserves and Gardens. In addition, commercial forest covers 2%. Statutory provision for the protection of listed threatened species is applied where human activities prevent the recovery of their population. Zimbabwe has a programme for promoting the recovery of threatened species from the endangered list. The Parks and Wildlife Act provisions control the introduction of exotic species. The National Herbarium of the Ministry of Agriculture houses a quarter of a million dried specimens representing plant biological diversity within Zimbabwe. The garden includes ecological units representing all major types of vegetation in Zimbabwe with over 1 000 tree and shrub species collected from all parts of the country represented in forms of naturally occurring plant association with the long term objective of creating replicas of indigenous vegetation. Information on indigenous trees used by herbalists is compiled. The Forestry Commission has a herbarium at Chirinda Forest as well as a number of gene banks. The gene bank for agricultural crops and their wild varieties in Zimbabwe is under the Crop Breeding Institute of the Department of Research and Specialist Services.
Mechanisms for promoting the sustainable use of biological biodiversity include an enabling legislative framework which promotes the sustainable use of renewable biological resources. User rights to forest and land resources belonging to the Government have been decentralized to Rural District Councils. The Parks and Wildlife Act gives full rights to land owners to fully utilize and benefit from resources on private properties. Economic benefits accrued from wildlife marketing are more attractive than from agricultural land use systems encouraging conservation of wildlife habitats. The Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) has focused on the development of local institutions for the management and sustainable utilization of communal wildlife resources, enabling communities and families to benefit economically from wildlife in their areas. CAMPFIRE is being applied to inshore fisheries in Lake Kariba and to the management of indigenous forestry resources in Mutoko District.
The DNR implemented a programme of protected areas with the objective of conserving biodiversity specifically in unique ecosystems, such as those containing remnant species in the region which are now under threat. The programme incorporates the goals and needs of the community and there is a total of twenty two sites. The Mapembe Forest project, implemented in 1992, has a public participation component attaching value to biodiversity for the multiple purpose of species, including economic, medicinal, and cultural. The community is empowered in terms of access to the resources and benefits accruing. Local knowledge systems in terms of management and use of different species for medicinal and traditional ceremonies is also incorporated. The 22 other sites do not include public participation, although Wedza Mountain and Nyachowa Falls have an element of consultation and participation by locals.
Rehabilitation and reclamation programmes incorporate biodiversity principles such as localized gully reclamation and catchment area rehabilitation, the most outstanding being the Save which incorporates eleven Rural District Councils. Other biodiversity conservation projects include the Botanical Garden's Project and the Guruve North Biodiversity project. Despite these effort, Zimbabwe is still losing its biological diversity through deforestation and land degradation and it is hoped that the current inventories and action programmes under the Biodiversity Convention may assist in solving the problem of biodiversity loss.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism has the mandate to design biodiversity policies and plans. The new Environmental Management Act, still at the drafting stage, will consolidate fragmented legislation giving the MET and its institutions conservation responsibilities. Zimbabwe's Interim Environmental Impact Assessment Policy of 1994 provides precautionary measures on biodiversity issues. These will be incorporated into the Environmental Management Act as law. The proposed Intellectual Property Protection and Patents bill is still at the consultation stage among stakeholders. This bill will be presented by the Minister in the Presidents office. The proposed legislation seeks to address issues of rights of access, protection of materials and the share of benefits accrued. The current legislation is not applicable and adequate for current developments.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Mushandike Natural Resources College specializes in training wildlife managers and the Zimbabwe College of Forestry provides training in forestry. The Institute for Environmental Studies focuses on research and training in environmental matters which address Zimbabwe's needs. The National Herbarium offers specialized training programmes in plant taxonomy, among others.
3. Major Groups: Communities, Conservancies, Rural District Councils and CAMPFIRE. Association, NGOs.
4. Finance: Financing for biodiversity conservation programmes has been increasing over the years.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: Zimbabwe is a party to the CITES and Biodiversity Conventions and cooperates with other states in their efforts to enforce trade bans on endangered species. The National Herbarium houses dried plant specimens, including materials from other countries in Southern Africa. The Herbarium also identifies trees from Botswana, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY.
The Institute is carrying out research in the following core areas:
a) Basic molecular biotechnology;
b) Agricultural biotechnology;
c) Medical biotechnology;
d) Industrial biotechnology; e.
e) Environmental biotechnology.
Under environmental biotechnology, issues regarding biosafety and environmentally sound management of biotechnology are considered. The Biotechnology Research Institute offers special services on biosafety issues to the southern Africa sub-region by drafting and implementing guidelines and regulations and providing technical assistance in environmental protection, risk assessment and risk management. The institute also offers services in genetic resources and biodiversity conservation and acts as a watchdog against bioprospecting, biopiracy, and intellectual property loss, both at the national and sub-regional levels. Each country in the sub-region is expected to form a national biosafety committee which Zimbabwe has already done.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Capacity-building efforts have been concentrated on infrastructure development. The government has committed some funding for building office blocks and state-of-the-art laboratories and providing equipment to facilitate research activities. Scientific and technical staff are being trained in various specialized areas through a staff development programme.
Projects under implementation.
* Cotton improvement research project.
* Sweet potato micro-propagation research project.
* Sweet sorghum utilization project.
* Fermentation technology for indigenous foods.
* Forestry biotechnology research project.
There are other projects still in the proposal stage.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 17: PROTECTION OF THE OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION, RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Zimbabwe ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is considering signing the International Maritime Organization's Treaty and is a party to the protocols under the African Maritime Charter. At the regional level, Zimbabwe is a member of the Port Management Authority for Eastern and Southern Africa which opens dialogue between landlocked countries and coastal states with provisions to harmonize tariffs and management systems and promote information dissemination.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 18: PROTECTION OF THE QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES: APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES.
1. the institutional development and legal framework.
2. the water resources management strategy project.
The specific objectives of the water resources management strategy project are the following:
1. to recommend required legislative reforms to review the Water Act and the institutional framework;
2. to produce guidelines on the equitable allocation of water, quantification of total water resources, demand, management and increased water use and efficiency in all user sectors;
3. to develop guidelines for investment in the water sector;
4. to guide the process of selecting and adopting a pricing policy and strategy;
5. to produce guidelines on catchment planning and facilitate the development of two pilot catchment developments in Mazowe and Mupfure;
6. to facilitate stakeholder participation, publicize and disseminate information;
7. to facilitate capacity building in the Department of Water Resources; e.
8. to produce guidelines on environmental management, recommending policy changes on water pollution and effluent discharge.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Lands and Water Development has the overall mandate for the protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources, including monitoring their pollution levels. The Ministry of Local Government, Urban and Rural Development addresses water supply and sanitation issues through the District Development Fund and the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation. The Ministry has given responsibility to local authorities in major urban areas for the management and protection of their water resources.
The Agricultural, Technical, and Extension Services (AGRITEX) is the department of the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for irrigation extension and schemes, mainly in communal areas. The Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) was established in December 1995 and consultations with stakeholders are currently being held in order to finalize its structure and components. Once functional ZINWA will be responsible for water resources management and regulation, while water supply and national infrastructure is the responsibility of the proposed Water Supply Zimbabwe Limited.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The main issues relating to capacity-building are being addressed under the Water Sector Reform Program, and all institutions dealing with freshwater have developed capacity building programmes. These include sending officers to academic institutions, mostly in developed countries, which offer programmes in the field of fresh water resources. These programmes are mainly funded by donor institutions.
3. Major Groups: The major groups are agriculture, industry, mining and communal areas (mainly rural water supply).
4. Finance: During the 1996/1997 fiscal year, the Government allocated Z$ 1,710,000 for irrigation extension services and schemes; Z$ 70,409,000 for construction of major water conservation works; Z$ 40,285,000 for construction of water supplies; Z$ 6,210,000 for research in ground water and the hydrological field ; Z $ 9,000,000 for water supplies under local government, rural and urban development and Z$ 15,000,000 for sewerage under local authorities.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: The SADC Watercourse Protocol of 1995 is the major regional programme. This programme addresses issues regarding all shared watercourses. The Zambezi Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is also an important programme which monitors and controls pollution levels in the Zambezi River. There is a similar initiative for the Limpopo River.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, INCLUDING PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND DANGEROUS PRODUCTS.
The Hazardous Substances and Articles Control Act also calls for the safe disposal of toxic chemicals and containers used for these chemicals. The Hazardous Substances Control Unit has limited capacity to monitor the use of toxic chemicals. The Unit is currently developing codes of practice for chemical use and disposal.
There have been programmes to strengthen collaboration between the government and the private sector in the areas of agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, and their impacts on the environment. The environmental law reform which is underway will include standards and guidelines in the area of toxic chemicals, particularly those on safe use and disposal.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare is responsible for the management of toxic chemicals. It works in collaboration with the Ministries of Agriculture and Industry.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: There is very limited capacity both in the customs and police departments in terms of being able to identify toxic substances. There is therefore a need to increase capacity in this area. The capacity in the Ministry of Health is also limited in terms of screening and monitoring chemicals.
3. Major Groups: The major groups are the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, local authorities, industry, agriculture and the general public.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: There is international cooperation in the area of exchange of information as it relates to toxic chemicals. This exchange of information is carried out through the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. Zimbabwe also subscribes to the London Guidelines and to the Prior Informed Consent Principle which requires a country wishing to export toxic chemicals to inform the recipient country of the details of those chemicals.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 20: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES, INCLUDING PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS WASTES.
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
The Basel Convention was signed in 1992 and has not been ratified yet.
The Bamako Convention was ratified in 1993.
Additional comments relevant to this chapter.
No report has been provided to the Basel Convention Secretariat as the Government is not yet a party to the Convention. The control of hazardous substances use and disposal is regulated by the Hazardous Substances and Articles Control Act administered by the Ministry of Health. Since Rio the following activities have been carried out:
- the enforcement of existing legislation has been strengthened;
- a radiation protection services department has been established;
- a Hazardous Substances Control Advisory Board has been instituted and various sub-committees formed; e.
- hazardous waste management regulations have been introduced and national guidelines for the disposal of hazardous waste developed for local authorities.
The programmes carried out as a result of the requirements of the Hazardous Substance and Articles Act include:
1. Encouraging the industrial sector to treat, recycle, re-use and dispose of hazardous wastes at the source of generation, when its generation is unavoidable and when it is economically and environmentally efficient. This is being done through meetings of the Industrial Chemicals Association.
2. Development of draft regulations, currently being reviewed, by the Hazardous Substance Unit in the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare which lay down the responsibility of industries for environmentally sound disposal of hazardous wastes generated by their activities.
3. Development of draft guidelines and methodologies for the characterization and classification by the Hazardous Substance Unit in the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. These are currently being reviewed.
4. Development of draft legislation to prevent the illegal import and export of wastes. The legislation is currently being developed.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The Hazardous Substance Unit in the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare is responsible for the control of hazardous substances. The Unit focuses on the impact on human health. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism assesses the impacts on natural resources through the Natural Resources Act.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: Capacity building and technology issues are addressed by the Hazardous Substance Unit in conjunction with the private sector. The Cleaner Production Center in the Scientific Industrial Development Research Center is also addressing these issues. Officers in the Hazardous Substances Control Unit attend courses at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
3. Major Groups: The major groups are the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, the industrial sector, local authorities and the general public.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: At the regional level Zimbabwe participates in meetings of the Bamako Convention and, at the international level, it participates in meetings of the Basel Convention and in the development of legal instruments for the Prior Informed Consent and London Guidelines.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES.
with the exception of Harare, solid wastes are not sorted according to the type of wastes;
the pollution from leachates is not properly understood; e.
the impact on ground water has not been analyzed.
The Government developed guidelines in 1994 for industrial waste management, including solid wastes and sewage. The main objective of the guidelines is to help local authorities and waste generating companies to improve waste management systems so that negative effects on the environment are minimized.
The management of sewage related issues is conducted through the use of the Water regulations of 1977 - Effluent and Water Standards - contained in the Water Act. The Water Resources Management Strategy Project, under the Water Sector Reform Programme launched by the Ministry of Lands and Water in 1993, is addressing the possible policy changes regarding water pollution and effluent discharges. In addition, in 1996 the Ministry of Environment and Tourism commissioned a study to review environmental standards, including effluent and water standards. The findings of the study will be used as an input in the ongoing process to develop new environmental legislation. There are programmes in which sewage is recycled and used for agriculture.
1. Decision-Making Structure: The main decision making institution responsible for solid wastes is the Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development. Responsibility for handling solid wastes is also shared with local authorities, including municipalities, who are responsible for operating municipal disposal sites.
The Department of Water in the Ministry of Lands and Water is responsible for sewage related issues, with local authorities responsible for day to day operations. The Department also works with the national Water Pollution Advisory Body which is composed of all stakeholders and relevant institutions.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: The Government with donor support has introduced a capacity building programme for its officers and those from local authorities. Institutions of higher education, such as Universities and Polytechnics, have programmes which build capacity in the areas of solid wastes and sewage.
3. Major Groups: The Government, the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industry, local authorities, the Department of Water, a local NGO Environmental 2000, and other members of the civil society.
4. Finance: The Government contributes regularly from its fiscal budget and through loans. During the 1996/97 fiscal year the Government allocated Z$ 15,000 for sewerage works.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: To foster regional cooperation, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism organizes regional exchange programmes. In 1995 the Department of Natural Resources, together with representatives from local authorities visited South Africa on such a programme. In addition, the Zambezi Action Plan (ZACPLAN), a regional SADC initiative, addresses sewage related issues from the point of view of water pollution as it relates to the major riparian river basins.
Waste paper recovery and consumption 1984.
Paper recovery as a percentage of paper consumption 31.
(tests resulting from treated water delivered to consumers)
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 22: SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare is responsible for the management of wastes. A radiation protection services committee has been formed, under the Hazardous Substances Advisory Board, to coordinate the control and management of radioactive wastes. Zimbabwe is an active member of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
1. Decision-Making Structure: No information.
2. Capacity-Building/Technology Issues: No information.
3. Major Groups: No information.
4. Finance: No information.
5. Regional/International Cooperation: No information.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTERS 23-32: MAJOR GROUPS.
The role of major groups are also covered under the various chapters of Agenda 21. The following is a summary of main objectives outlined in Agenda 21. Please check the appropriate boxes and describe briefly any important steps or obstacles.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was signed in 1991.
24.b Increasing the proportion of women decision makers.
24.2.e assessing, reviewing, revising and implementing curricula and other educational material with a view to promoting dissemination of gender-relevant knowledge.
24.2.f and 24.2.c formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, strategies and plans for achievement of equality in all aspects of society including issuing a strategy by year 2000 to eliminate obstacles to full participation of women in sustainable development.
24.2.d establishing mechanisms by 1995 to assess implementation and impact of development and environment policies and programmes on women.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): The government reaffirmed its commitment to the advancement of women by signing the Rio Declaration. Agenda 21 was superceded by the Global Platform for Action and the Beijing Declaration (4th World Conference on Women, Beijing, China 4-15 September 1995) which built upon and further developed the actions proposed in Agenda 21. Preparations for the Beijing Conference meant that many of the actions outlined in Agenda 21 were explored, reviewed, and discussed by a wide spectrum of women from the grassroots to the national level and their priorities were identified. Zimbabwe's signature of the Beijing Declaration also reaffirmed its commitment to the cause of women in Zimbabwe.
After Beijing the government set up a national mechanism in the Ministry of National Affairs and Employment Creation to spearhead the incorporation of gender issues in development. This national mechanism works through gender focal points in each ministry. These focal points were trained with funding from UNICEF and they have the responsibility to spearhead gender issues in their ministries. Through this institutional framework the government has drawn up draft strategy documents which cover the following critical areas: environment; power and decision making; economy; institutional mechanisms; access to health and related services; poverty; violence; armed conflict; human rights; the media, and the girl child, as identified in the Beijing Plan of Action . These strategies were compiled into the National Gender Policy which was drafted in October 1996. The vision of the Gender Policy is to create a prosperous society that is free from gender-based inequalities with respect to power, access to, control, and use of resources. The policy seeks to provide a broad framework for the promotion of gender equality in the social, political, legal, and economic spheres at all levels of society.
Zimbabwe's signature of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1991, though it preceded UNCED, resulted in activities to assess the status of women in all sectors. Zimbabwe's First Report on CEDAW , prepared in October 1995, examined the articles of the Convention and the country's responses to them. By committing itself to taking action for the advancement of women in various relevant conventions, Zimbabwe is obligated to monitor and evaluate progress in the advancement of women. A draft report entitled Monitoring the Status of Women has been prepared. The report identifies indicators and benchmarks for monitoring progress in each sector.
A three year project is being implemented in three districts. The objective of this project is to disseminate legal information to women. The laws are simplified and translated into the vernacular before being distributed to local communities. The provincial and district gender focal points are trained to explain these laws and they train village community workers who, in turn, explain the laws to the community.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS.
25.4 establishing processes that promote dialogue between the youth and government at all levels and mechanisms that permit youth access to information and opportunity to present their views on implementing A21.
Name relevant youth fora (3-4 most important): See below.
Describe their role in the national process: See below.
25.6 reducing youth unemployment. See below.
25.5 ensuring that by year 2000 more than 50% of youth -- gender balanced -- have access to appropriate secondary education or vocational training. The goal set in Agenda 21: See below.
Brief comments on this chapter:
Dialogue between youth and government: Dialogue between the government and youth has been carried out mainly through the National Youth Council, which was created by the Zimbabwe Youth Act. The Council has coordinated activities of NGOs working on youth issues. The term of operation of the council has expired and the government is working on new legislation to create a more autonomous body to coordinate youth activities. Before the Council was dissolved there were a total of 25 youth organizations affiliated with it.
Involvement of youth and children in environmental protection: Youth, particularly school children, have been involved in conservation programmes such as gully reclamation and tree planting. Many community outreach programmes on tree growing and tree care have aimed at involving school children. Many schools have been involved in activities of the World Environment Day and the National Tree Planting Day and in various competitions on essay writing on environmental topics. The DEAP project aims to mobilize the youth during the entire planning process.
Combating human rights abuse against young people particularly women and girls: With the increasing incidence of child rape the government has set up an inter-ministerial committee, chaired by the Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, to develop strategies to deal with this problem. Some initiatives to address this problem have been implemented, including the following:
- establishment of victim friendly court hearings for minors;
- introduction of "Fast Track" for cases needing immediate attention;
- establishment of rehabilitation institutions for victims;
- training programmes for magistrates and police officers on how to handle child cases;
- increase advocacy in human rights for children in order to curb abuses, gain support and encourage more victims to come forward.
Reduce current levels of youth unemployment: Unemployment in Zimbabwe is between 30 and 44 percent and informal sector employment has been declining since independence. The majority of the unemployed are youth between the ages of 15 and 24, accounting for two thirds of the number of unemployed. One of the main objectives of ESAP is to reduce unemployment, particularly among the youth. The establishment of youth training centres is meant to equip them with the skills necessary for employment. The focus of investment promotion has been to create more jobs and reduce unemployment.
There are two major programmes under implementation, one of which is the 4Hs youth and child development programme aimed at enhancing the leadership and economic skills of children and youth. To date, 57 school youth projects have been funded under this programme. It has also funded 170 4Hs in school youth projects countrywide. The second programme is the "Training for Enterprise Projects", which involved the upgrading of existing Youth Training Centres and shifted its emphasis from technical training to business management skills. Instead of training job seekers, the centres now train entrepreneurs. After completing their training graduates are offered loans to be able to start their own businesses. Twelve training centres have been established throughout the country.
Youth enrollment and access to appropriate secondary education: Since independence, the enrollment of children into both secondary and primary schools has increased dramatically. Enrollment in secondary schools has increased from 74,000, in 1980, to 670,600 in 1989.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS.
26.3.a establishing a process to empower indigenous people and their communities -- through policies and legal instruments: No information.
26.3.b strengthening arrangements for active participation in national policies. Nenhuma informação
26.3.c involving indigenous people in resource management strategies and programmes at the national and local level. Nenhuma informação
Brief comments on this chapter):
27.5 developing mechanisms that allow NGOs to play their partnership role responsibly and effectively.
27.6 reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms to involve NGOs in decision making and implementation.
27.8 promoting and allowing NGOs to participate in the conception, establishment and evaluation of official mechanisms to review Agenda 21 implementation. See below.
27.7 establishing a mutually productive dialogue by 1995 at the national level between NGOs and governments. See below.
Brief comments on this chapter :
Partnerships with the government : In both the pre and post Rio process the government has sought to involve NGOs as a key stakeholder in environmental planning and management. NGOs participate in various steering committees and forums which have been established to spearhead sustainable development. Although NGOs pledged to work in partnership with the government at the National Response Conference and vice-versa, the Rio+5 NGO and Private Sector Organizations Consultation meeting, held in Zimbabwe, identified the need to strengthen this partnership even further. Mechanisms to develop partnerships need to be drawn up. Examples of partnership between the government and NGOs are demonstrated in the climate change area.
NGOs have been partners of the government in producing reports on national inventories required under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and assisted also in the development of methodologies for costing greenhouse gas emissions ( UNEP Greenhouse Gas Abatement Costing Studies: Zimbabwe Country Study October 1993 ). NOGs have participated in training programmes for government personnel. For example, a capacity building project which involves the training of government personnel in 4 countries, including Ghana, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Kenya, to prepare national inventories on greenhouse gas emissions. The project is being implemented by the Southern Center for Energy and Environment.
Two national NGOs, ZERO and the Southern Center for Energy and the Environment, participated in the regional network of African experts on climate change which was coordinated by ACTS in Nairobi. The project was supported by the Swedish government through the Stockholm Environmental Institute. The project sought to define Africa's responses to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and to identify priorities for action to be taken as part of a preparatory process towards the first conference of parties to be held in Berlin. Some of the information generated by the project was used to lobby government positions on the convention.
Apart from strengthening the role of NGOs through partnerships, the government has developed legislation to facilitate the registration of NGOs and to remove taxation which inhibited their participation in various programmes. The government has also strengthened the role of NGOs through recognition of NGO coordinating bodies like NANGO and the Environmental Forum of Zimbabwe. The Government has also signed financial agreements with donors on behalf of NGOs.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS.
28.2.d encouraging local authorities to implement and monitor programmes that aim to ensure participation of women and youth in local decision making. See below.
Government support of local agenda 21 initiatives: See below.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): A survey was jointly conducted by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) and the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) to document the activities by local authorities around the world which had implemented Agenda 21. The results of the survey were presented at the Second UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul in June 1996. There was a very low response rate to the questionnaire with only five out of 22 urban authorities in Zimbabwe responding. Of these 3 have a local agenda 21 which constituted an environmental policy. None of the councils that responded to the survey had held local consultations. Only one local council, the Harare City Council, has tabled a motion before its council to adopt the concept of Agenda 21. The motion was accepted. Harare has also formally approached the Ministry of Environment and Tourism to get technical and financial assistance to facilitate the development of a Local Agenda 21. A person has been designated by the City Council to spearhead a programme to develop and implement a Local Agenda 21. Since there appeared to be little understanding of what Agenda 21 should contain, there were calls from local authorities for capacity building and environmental training.
The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives has started a programme to train local authorities in EIAs as part of capacity building for local Agenda 21. In Zimbabwe the project will only train personnel in Harare and Bulawayo city councils.
29.2 full participation of workers in implementation and evaluation of A21.
29.3 a to e (By year 2000, (a) promoting ratification of ILO conventions; (b) establishing bipartite and tripartite mechanism on safety, health and sustainable development; © increasing number of environmental collective agreements; (d) reducing occupational accidents and injuries; (e) increasing workers' education and training efforts. See below.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
Limited progress has been made with respect to the ratification of ILO Conventions. Zimbabwe is a party to 9 of the ILO Conventions relating to labour and trade, including the following:
Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921 (No. 14)
Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation) Convention, 1925 (No. 19)
Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928 (No. 26)
Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935 (No. 45)
Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81)
Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Convention, 1951 (No. 99)
Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)
Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129)
Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1973 (No. 144)
The Government is also considering entering into three other conventions: Forced Labour, Freedom of Association, and Discrimination. Ten tripartite formal and informal institutions have been established:
2) Tripartite committees within NSSA - Board of Directors, Zimbabwe Occupational Health & Safety Committee and the National Occupational Health & Safety Committee.
3) NAMACO which advises the Minister on manpower development and training.
4) Wages & Salaries Advisory Board.
5) Retrenchment Committee.
6) Employment Boards recommend terms and conditions of a certain economic sector.
8) Informal meetings.
9) Tripartite inspections on matters of safety and occupational health.
10) Zimbabwe Industrial Relation Association which promotes the study and development of industrial relations.
Efforts have been made to increase workers' education and training. For example, a Training & Resource Support Center has been established to provides education and training to the industrial community in both health and safety matters. However, with the increased economic activity that Zimbabwe has experienced, efforts to reduce occupational accidents and injuries have had limited success. The Labour Advisory Board was established to address labour related issues but has limited jurisdiction over broader industrial matters relating to economic and sustainable development.
Trade Unions have fully participated in government efforts to implement and evaluate Agenda 21. In December of 1992, these and other sector-specific groups took part in a national response conference to Rio and assisted with the development of a Country Report. Since then, representatives of industry and trade unions have participated in conferences, meetings and working teams taking steps to implement Agenda 21. However, in general, the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) has weakened the role of workers and trade unions and strengthened the role of the employer through the deregulation of the labour market. Although collective bargaining was introduced as part of ESAP, the deregulation of the labour market has nonetheless weakened the position of workers.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS.
30.6 increasing the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recycling, and reduction of waste per unit of economic output. See below.
30.18.a encouraging the concept of stewardship in management and use of natural resources by entrepreneurs.
List any actions taken in this area:
30.18.b increasing number of enterprises that subscribe to and implement sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
Industry in Zimbabwe has become proactive in environmental management and is involved in a variety of initiatives such as the cleaner production centres. They are also supportive of ISO 14001 which is a management system that includes environmental policies, auditing and efficient management. An Environmental liaison forum has been created under the Chamber of Zimbabwe Industries.
The Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers (ZIE) took the initiative to discuss such matters as environmental legislation and decisions regarding major public works of significant environmental impact, with other environmental bodies with which it can form a strong coalition to be able to influence government.. It also became an advisory body on environmental issues related to engineering by disseminating information to all concerned. Seminars, public debates and environmental committees will also be organized for the same purpose. A code of practice will be developed to encourage transparency and environmental reporting in companies.
The Southern Center for Energy and Environment, a local NGO, has established a capacity building pilot project for decision makers in industry concerning actions which can be taken to abate or mitigate climate change impacts from industry. As part of the project, the Southern Center for Energy and Environment conducts training workshops and seminars which are attended by decision makers. The project is supported by CDG. The pilot phase of the project is being implemented at the Willowvale industrial estate.
The Government has taken a number of initiatives to strengthen the role of business in sustainable development. These initiatives include:
1. The Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries has been represented in the National Sustainable Development Committee, which was created after Rio to oversee the implementation of Agenda 21.
2. Delegations to international business meetings have included members of the business community.
3. The Indigenization programme under ESAP helps strengthen the role of indigenous business in sustainable economic development as well as the promotion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
4. Lines of credit and soft loans have been opened for the informal sector and SMEs so as to increase their participation in economic development.
5. The reduction of capital gains taxes was also meant to strengthen the role of business.
6. The thrust of ESAP has been to strengthen the role of business and reduce the role of the public sector through commercialization and privatization.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS.
31.3.b improving exchange of knowledge and concerns between s&t community and the general public.
Scientific community has already established ways in which to address the general public and deal with.
31.9 developing, improving and promoting international acceptance of codes of practice and guidelines related to science and technology and its role in reconciling environment and development.
Brief comments on this chapter not already described in chapter 35 (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page): In late 1994 a multi-institutional committee was established by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the Institute of Environmental studies (IES) at the University of Zimbabwe. This committee comprises several government departments, the university, SIRDC, the Research Council and the NGO community. Its role is to facilitate multi-institutional, interdisciplinary and policy directed research by securing and disbursing funds. The committee also provides a forum for the exchange of information and dissemination of research results. Through this committee six projects were funded by CIDA, an environmental seminar was conducted in late 1996 and three environmental prizes were awarded to stimulate high quality environmental research. A think-tank was also formed to prepare a National Strategy for Environmental Research Projects.
The southern African Consortium for Interdisciplinary Research (SACAIR) was formed to ensure that countries in southern Africa benefit from regionally conceptualized and implemented research and training initiatives, since they share common problems in natural resources management. A survey of regional academic institutions involved in environmental work was conducted in 1996 - Applied Interdisciplinary Research and Training on Natural Resources Management: A Situation Report For Southern Africa ( Mandondo 1996 ). This report is part of a series of initiatives to strengthen collaboration in training and research in the region and the capacity of institutions in 6 countries.
A coordination committee has been formed with representatives from the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and from three departments of the University of Zimbabwe, with the MET providing financial support for research and purchasing reference materials. This has helped to improve capacity at the University as well as to link training to the needs of the government. The MET will also organize EIA training through the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Zimbabwe, as a way of building capacity for future training programmes and to ensure sustainability. The Tobacco Research Board has been working with the government on the phase out of methyl bromide, while the Scientific Industrial Research and Development Center (SIRDC) has been collaborating with the government on the issue of biotechnology.
32.5.c promoting and encouraging sustainable farming practices and technologies.
32.5.e developing a policy framework that provides incentives and motivation among farmers for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
32.5.f enhancing participation of organizations of farmers in design and implementation of sustainable development policies.
Brief comments on this chapter (maximum 100 words) (please, do not exceed this page):
The government set up a commission of inquiry into appropriate agricultural land tenure systems in relation to sustainable resource management. The Report of the Commission Of Inquiry Into Appropriate Agricultural Land Tenure Systems: Main Report (October 1994 ), states that the effectiveness of any tenure system is measured by its ability to facilitate high and sustainable levels of production as well as enhanced social cohesion. The report makes several recommendations to the government, including that it establish a decentralized system of administration designed to allow households at the local level to be the decision makers regarding the use of their resources. The Commission also recognizes the role of traditional institutions in local level development and recommends that these, rather than the new institutions, be given authority over resource management and control at the local level.
Kuturaya "participatory farm experimentation" is a methodology developed by the Department of Agricultural Technical Extension (AGRITEX) to involve farmers in experiments to improve their own production. In Kuturaya, farmers and researchers work together to develop appropriate technologies through experimentation. The methodology incorporates experiences from the participatory technology development experiences of the AGRITEX-GTZ conservation tillage project, implemented in the southern part of the country, the Masvingo province, and the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) food security project in the same province. The methodology empowers farmers to participate in farm experiments and develop their own capacities.
There have been several initiatives to involve farmers in extension and to empower them to direct their own research and extension agendas. One such initiative is the training programme supported by ITDG to train both farmers and extension workers in a process called Training for Transformation. Training for Transformation is a participatory methodology which empowers farmers to question the appropriateness and delivery methods.
Another methodology being developed through a project funded by the Dutch Government is using the actor-oriented approach to identify and streamline the roles of various stakeholders in extension. The actor-oriented approach examines the actions of all institutions involved with farmers and identifies desirable outcomes from these interactions on the basis of farmers' opinions and priority needs. This project is a joint effort by the 2 departments of the University (IES and CASS) and two departments of the Ministry of Agriculture (AGRITEX and Research and Specialist Services) .
The government has also developed credit support schemes for farmers, particularly communal farmers to enable them to purchase inputs. Drought recovery schemes have also been put into place to enable communal farmers to survive in drought years. The Government supports research through the department of Research and Specialist Services to improve farmers' productivity. Courses are also offered on various subjects for communal and small-scale commercial farmers.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 33: FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND MECHANISMS.
Financial resources and mechanisms are also covered under each sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where relevant. This summary highlights broader national financial policies, domestic and external (including ODA)
CHANGES IN NATIONAL BUDGET TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The Government has budgetary allocations to respond to Agenda 21, with the largest part of the budget going to the improvement of social services. At present social expenditure in health and education alone account for over 20% of the budget. The budget of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, which is being reviewed so the Ministry can effectively implement Agenda 21 initiatives, shows commitment on the part of Government.
NEW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS: The following economic instruments have been introduced:
1. ESAP - line of credit, retooling and retrofitting have been introduced;
2. Vision 2020 has introduced the concept of green taxes;
3. ISO 9 000 and ISO 14 000 has imposed some trade restrictions on timber exports.
Subsidies: Subsidies have been eliminated on some farm inputs and on electricity. Proper pricing of fossil fuels have made alternative fuels more competitive. Water pricing is still a problem.
Zimbabwe is a recipient country.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 34: TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND CAPACITY-BUILDING.
Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and capacity-building is also covered under each sectoral chapter of Agenda 21 where relevant. This summary highlights broader national policies and actions relating to chapter 34.
The level of technological development is low; it is consequently more prone to technological dependence. The low rate of technological change implies a sluggish transition towards the use of environmentally sound technologies. Problems are created by declining import capacity due to the economic crisis and the decline in foreign investment. There is a need for government induced policies to stimulate rapid technological development and acquisition. To be effective such policies must be comprehensive and address all functional sectors of society. In most countries, including Zimbabwe, incentives for technological development have often been implicit and mediated through investment incentives for industry . They have so far favoured the inflow of large scale capital-intensive investments with little consideration for technological development. In the national environmental assessment policy there is no consideration for the need to assess technologies. Studies have shown that countries which develop a strong internal capacity to search out and evaluate technologies are usually able to acquire the technologies on satisfactory terms.
In Zimbabwe, the Scientific and Industrial Research Development Center (SIRDC) has for a number of years been operating a Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), as part of an international network dealing with trade, technology, and investment opportunities. The objective of this information system is to facilitate the exchange of information about technologies developed or available for use in the various sectors of the economy, at a regional and local level. The information system was established following the convening of two UN Conferences on Science and Technology, held in 1978 and 1979, where the need to create markets for technologies developed in developing countries and promote technology transfer was emphasized. The TIPs framework has expanded from 9 countries (1986-1988) to more than 30 national bureaux, and Zimbabwe has remained a key participant. At the national level, TIPs offers a bulletin board system which permits local industries to consult the database and download information with a local phone call. TIPS also has a homepage in the World Wide Web, which offers information on the TIPs network and its services. There are no technology restrictions on what can be ordered into the country or standards that must be adhered to.
A notable institutional development in Zimbabwe has been the creation of SIRDC and its seven constituent institutes, namely: the Biotechnology Research Institute; the Building Technology Institute; the Energy and Technology Institute; the Environment and Remote Sensing Institute; the Mechanical and Production Engineering Institute; the Microelectronics and Electronics institute; and the National Meteorology Institute. The mission of SIRDC, through these various institutes, is to provide a center of excellence in research for the provision of science and technology leadership to the industrial sectors.
The Cleaner Production Center and the Ozone Office are an opportunity for the transfer of environmentally sound technologies. Another opportunity is through the programme on Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ), which is still under discussion between government and the private sector. There is a lot of scope for improvement in the transfer of environmentally sound technology, particularly from developed countries.
Provide information on the adoption of environmental management systems. National reaction to environmental management system standards such as the ISO 14000 Series and others. Please note efforts made at the national level to promote their adoption and the creation of certification infrastructure in order to facilitate access to these standards to local industry.
List and describe programs or work under way to facilitate the transfer of ESTs to small and medium sized enterprises. Please note efforts to facilitate access to financial resources and other transfer strategies.
The National Response Conference encourages research that provides policy support to the government through rigorous analysis of policy options for environmental management. It also noted the need for science to provide research data on scientific assessments of environmental phenomenon. In response to these needs, the Research Council drafted a National Science and Technology Policy following consultations with relevant agencies. The policy document has been circulated to relevant organizations for comments but is not yet finalized.
Following the Rio Summit, the government organized a national workshop to identify research needs for the implementation of Agenda 21 and to assess the possible role of universities in the field of environment and development. The meeting also discussed the establishment of the Institute of Environmental Studies (IES) at the University of Zimbabwe. The proposal for the establishment of the institute was discussed at the workshop. The role of the IES is the following:
- to promote, facilitate and, where needed, coordinate research on environmental issues, thereby enhancing the national capacity to tackle national environmental problems and to contribute to the resolution of regional and global problems;
- to provide expert advice to policy makers and planners dealing with environmental issues, thereby increasing Zimbabwe's capacity to plan and implement environmentally sustainable development policies, programmes and activities; e.
- to promote awareness of the environment through teaching and information dissemination, thereby contributing to better informed and more effective public participation in decision making on environmental and sustainable development issues.
The institute coordinates research in the University and serves as an independent catalyst for action outside the university through the provision of a forum for discussion, analysis of and cooperation and advice on environmental issues. The institute maintains a register of experts on different environmental matters.
The government requires support in strengthening the scientific base to support sustainable development. Strengthening institutions such as Universities and government research centres (SIRDC and the Research Council of Zimbabwe ) will go a long way in developing a strong scientific base for sustainable development.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING.
Reorientation of education towards sustainable development: The Southern African Regional Institute for Policy Studies (SARIPS), an arm of the Southern African Political Economy Series (SAPES) Trust has launched a Masters programme in Policy Studies. The course is accredited to the Universities of Zimbabwe, Fort Hare and Dar Es Salaam. The goal of the course is to enhance the policy making capacities and leadership roles of senior personnel in government and non-governmental organizations. The course offers professionals an opportunity to acquire new analytical and practical skills and to widen their understanding of the policy process. The programme was launched in September 1995 and offers the following courses: I) policy analysis framework;
ii) economic theory and development planning; iii) regional economic cooperation and integration;
iv) gender policy and planning; iv) sectoral economic policy; v) politics and governance;
vi) international relations; vii) social policy; and viii) environmental policy. Lecturers are drawn from the region.
Increasing public awareness: Various ministries, NGOs and other organizations are involved in programmes to educate and promote environmental awareness at the grassroots. Several departments in the government have extension departments through which information is disseminated to the communities. Of these, some have officers operating at the district level while others have village based extension personnel. Information is disseminated in various forms including workshops, short training programmes, seminars, village meetings, household visits, and the media. This dissemination is undertaken by numerous institutions and includes traditional environmental conservation practices.
The Government runs an extension programme which includes workshops, training courses for village leaders, mobile environmental programmes and village awareness campaigns. Since Independence there has been a concerted effort to promote methods of education and awareness that do not impose conservation on communities. Consequently, extension has become more participatory, drawing on traditional experiences of conservation and dissemination of these to wider audience. Many departments, such as the Forestry Commission, now acknowledge the value of traditional practices in forestry conservation and promote these widely. An appreciation of the role and contributions that communities can make to conservation has resulted in proposals to develop initiatives for resource sharing where the government and the community are equal partners in resource management.
Promoting training: In many schools in Zimbabwe environmental science is a subject offered in the primary school curriculum. This subject is in essence environmental education. In secondary schools this subject gives way to geography and agriculture, which again comprise environmental education. Students are also exposed to practical environmental education through school projects and inter-schools competition which promotes various aspects of conservation. There is of course a strong element of non-formal environmental education training as children grow up, particularly those who grow up in communal areas. Many studies, especially those documenting traditional practices, recognize the value of children and youth as repositories of environmental information.
Role of Major Groups : An environmental education subcommittee was established in 1995 as part of the Environmental Liaison Forum in Zimbabwe. The forum and subcommittee consist of representatives of non-governmental organizations, the private sector and the government. In addition to its activity in the country, the committee has actively participated in regional and international networks and conferences, such as the IUCN Commission on Education and Communication. The committee has organized and implemented two national workshops in Zimbabwe, sponsored by UNESCO/UNEP. The committee, along with other organizations, is working towards the development of a national policy on environmental education but limited government resources and staff have hampered this effort. In addition to the foregoing, the following programmes are noteworthy.
Natural Resources Board.
Natural Farming Network.
Communication and Networks:
Forum of Environmental communicators - US Peace Corps.
IMERSEC - Natural Farming Network.
ART - Silveira House.
Environment 2000 - ORAP.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 37: NATIONAL MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
National capacity building is also covered under sectoral chapters.
Donors: You may wish to describe here how Agenda 21 has influenced your ODA policies in this area.
Developing countries: You may wish to describe any new national mechanisms for capacity building - and any changes in technical cooperation.
Capacity building has taken various forms and targeted professionals in the relevant ministries and NGOs. Capacity building has been mostly in the form of short term training programmes though several individuals have been sent to higher education institutions to attain degrees in subjects relevant to the environment. In some instances it has resulted in the creation of new institutions and the strengthening of existing ones. This section lists some of the courses offered in an effort to build national capacity to respond to environmental issues.
Zimbabwe Natural Resources Management Programme : The Zimbabwe Natural Resources Management Programme (ZNRMP) is a capacity building project in environmental planning and policy coordination, integrated resources information system, information management, and law reforms. Within the programme there have been many opportunities for training of Ministry of Environment and Tourism staff and staff from other organizations in such areas as project appraisal, project management, economics, environmental impact assessment, information management and communication skills. Graduate education has been offered at the University of Zimbabwe and at various universities in Canada.
MET/World Bank Workshops for Decision Makers : Two workshops for decision makers have been conducted on political economy of the environment. Both workshops were part of a capacity building programme in environmental economics and policy planning. The principal objective of these workshops was to enhance the analytical capacity of participants from the public and private sectors, including academic leaders, parliamentarians, consultants, and NGO managers, to incorporate environmental concerns in the application of micro and macro economics during policy formulation, planning, and investment decisions for sustainable development. Due to an overwhelming demand for similar courses, there are plans to hold future workshops targeting specific groups of decision makers especially parliamentarians.
Campfire: The CAMPFIRE programme aims at building capacity for the sustainable management of natural resources at the community level through a participatory approach.
Waste management and pollution: Officers in the Department of Natural Resources have participated in two pilot projects on waste management and industrial pollution measurement. These pilot projects have resulted in the development of waste management guidelines and are being expanded into other urban areas.
International cooperation in capacity building: The ZACPLAN project is a SAC project aimed at building capacity for the management of international waters. It involves the harmonization of policies, regulations, and institutional development for the management of shared water resources.
The UNDP coordinates the activities of donors through a roundtable where donors and government representatives discuss ongoing projects and funding requirements. Capacity building is a key area of donor support.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS.
The following Conventions have been signed and ratified:
- The CITES Convention.
- The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
- The Montreal Protocol.
- The Vienna Convention.
- The Convention on the Rights of the Child.
- The Biodiversity Convention.
- The Climate Change Convention.
- The Convention on the Law of the Sea.
- The Bamako Convention.
The Basel Convention and the Convention to Combat Desertification have been signed but not ratified.
The Convention on Indigenous People and the Ramsar Convention have not been signed or ratified.
AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 40: INFORMATION FOR DECISION-MAKING.
This chapter is also covered under sectoral and other chapters of this profile. The matrix below gives an overview of how national authorities rate the available information for decision making.
The multi-media system provides an interface of textural, pictorial and video-audio information based on a network of linked components. Zimbabwe, through the Institute of Environmental Studies, in collaboration with South Africa, through the University of Veda, has developed a sustainable management system for the management of the Limpopo valley. The management system incorporates scenario building as an essential component.
IRIS is an Integrated Resource Information System developed in the Department of Natural Resources. This information system provides information on natural resources in the form of inventories (attribute data and maps) which are freely distributed. The data is mainly used in the monitoring of the state of the environment. Much of the data is collected from other relevant ministries, though the DNR also collects raw data where gaps are identified in the existing data base. Since its establishment the information system has widened its scope to incorporate new issues and there are many government institutions and industry who regularly access it.
The MET is setting up a national sustainable development data base for Zimbabwe which will be in time series and will consist of national level indicators including economic, social and environmental development. The data base will provide a consistent set of statistics for researchers, non - governmental organizations and international organizations. The data base on economic indicators will include such issues as the gross national product, trade employment, government spending and revenue. The social indicators will include health, education and nutrition trends, while environmental indicators will include changes in erosion, forests, pollution, water and wildlife resources. The data base will feed into the National State of The Environment Reporting Process which is being coordinated by the MET. The Department of Veterinary Services has established a geographical information system for teak borne disease and other diseases affecting cattle. The GIS also contains information on the environmental impacts of dip tanks. In the same department there is also a data base on the impact of land use on tsetse eradication.
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism is coordinating efforts to compile a State of the Environment Report which will be the second report produced for Zimbabwe, following the 1992 report to UNCED. The State of the Environment Report is a requirement for the 5 year review of UNCED and the National Conservation Strategy. To plan the report, a national workshop was held in Kadoma involving all stakeholders to discuss the concept of State of the Environment Reporting and identify information requirements to compile it. Various models of reports from other countries were reviewed and themes for different chapters of the report were identified. The process is being supported by the ZNRMP.

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National biodiversity strategy and action plan kenya

PI: Anong Damian Nota, University of Buea.
U. S. Partner: Thomas Smith, University of California, Los Angeles.
U. S. Partner: Bin Gao, University of Florida.
PI: Adey Desta, Addis Ababa University.
U. S. Partner: Nancy Love, University of Michigan.
Ethiopia - Project 5-610: Improved access and uptake of maternal and child health services in rural Ethiopia through collaborative community and health systems partnership.
U. S. Partner: Judd Walson, University of Washington.
U. S. Partner: Benjamin Zaitchik, Johns Hopkins University.
U. S. Partner: Douglas Cook, University of California, Davis.
PI: Belachew Gessesse with co-PI Nigus Gabbiye Habtu, Bahir Dar University.
U. S. Partner: Suman Banerjee, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
U. S. Partner: David Sabatini, University of Oklahoma.
PI: Seifu Tilahun, Bahir Dar University.
U. S. Partner: Christopher Barrett, Cornell University.
U. S. Partner: Marilyn Warburton, USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit.
PI: Gabriel Takyi, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Tecnologia.
U. S. Partner: Christiana Honsberg and Mani G. TamizMani, Arizona State University.
U. S. Partner: Steven J. Schwartz, The Ohio State University.
PI: David Cudjoe Adukpo, University of Cape Coast.
U. S. Partner: William Gutowski, Jr., Iowa State University.
U. S. Partner: Peter Leimbruger, Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. Partner: Andres Perez, University of Minnesota.
U. S. Partner: Scott Goetz, Woods Hole Research Cente.
U. S. Partner: Samuel Wasser and David Schindel, Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. Partner: David Schindel, Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. Partner: David Schindel, Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. Partner: Scott Miller, Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. Partner: Cynthia Ebinger, University of Rochester.
PI: Izael Da Silva, Strathmore University.
U. S. Partner: Benjamin L. Ruddell, Arizona State University.
PI: Marguerite Miheso O'Connor, Kenyatta University.
U. S. Partner: Bruce N. Walker, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Kenya - Project 2-447: Capacity building in fish biodiversity discovery in Kenya.
U. S. Partner: Henry Bart Jr., Tulane University.
PI: Steven Runo, Kenyatta University.
U. S. Partner: Mike P. Timko, University of Virginia.
PI: Mary Baaru, Kenyatta University.
U. S. Partner: Ethan Allen, Pacific Resources for Education and Learning.
PI: Joyce Gichiku Maina, University of Nairobi.
U. S. Partner: Irene Kimaru, St. John Fisher College.
PI: Willis Owino, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, with co-PI Jane Ambuko, University of Nairobi.
U. S. Partner: James Giovannoni, USDA-ARS, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University.
Kenya - Project 1-382: Natural resources interacting with health outcomes: understanding fishery resource use and improving nutrition in western Kenya.
PI: Richard Magerenge, Organic Health Response-Ekialo Kiona Center.
U. S. Partner: Justin Brashares, University of California, Berkeley.
PI: Shem Wandiga, University of Nairobi.
U. S. Partner: Benito Mariñas, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, formerly Mark Shannon (deceased, October 2012)
PI: Peter Njoroge, National Museums of Kenya.
U. S. Partner: Matthew Johnson, Humboldt State University.
PI: Onesmus Gachuno, University of Nairobi.
U. S. Partner: James Kiarie, University of Nairobi.
PI: Judith Kimiywe, Kenyatta University.
U. S. Partner: Stephen McGarvey, Brown University.
U. S. Partner: Brett Scheffers, University of Florida.
PI: Andrianjaka Ravelomanana, Madagascar Biodiversity Center.
U. S. Partner: Brian Fisher, California Academy of Sciences.
PI: Jimmy Namangale, Chancellor College.
U. S. Partner: G. Philip Robertson, Michigan State University.
PI: Frank Chimbwandira, Malawi Ministry of Health.
U. S. Partner: Matthias Egger, University of Bern.
PI: Amadou Sidibé, IPR/IFRA Katibougou.
U. S. Partner: Laura Scmitt Olabisi, Michigan State University.
PI: Fadiala Dembele, Institute Politechnique Rural of Katibougou.
U. S. Partner: Paul Laris, California State University, Long Beach.
PI: Amadou Babana, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB)
U. S. Partners: David Weller, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit and Dr. Linda Kinkel, University of Minnesota.
PI: Alassane Dicko, University of Bamako.
U. S. Partner: Patrick Duffy, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
PI: Salomao Bandeira, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.
U. S. Partner: Ilka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.
PI: Lucia da Costa Vieira, Beira Operations Research Center (CIOB)
U. S. Partner: James Pfeiffer, University of Washington.
PI: Adegoke Melodi with co-PI Olatubosun Olabode, The Federal University of Technology, Akure.
U. S. Partner: Kevin Tomsovic, University of Tennessee.
PI: Morufat Balogun, University of Ibadan.
U. S. Partner: Wayne Curtis, The Pennsylvania State University.
PI: Idris Bugaje, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology.
U. S. Partner: Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University.
PI: Donald Grant, Lassa Fever Program Kenema Government Hospital.
U. S. Partner: Robert Garry, Tulane University School of Medicine.
PI: Yacine Badiane Ndour, Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles.
U. S. Partner: Richard P. Dick, Ohio State University.
PI: Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop.
U. S. Partner: Jeremy Pal, Loyola Marymount University.
U. S. Partner: Brian Chaffin, University of Montana, Missoula.
U. S. Partner: James Smith, University of Virginia.
PI: Pascal Bessong, University of Venda.
U. S. Partner: James Smith, University of Virginia.
PI: Bice Martincigh, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
U. S. Partner: Natalie Mladenov, San Diego State University.
South Africa - Project 5-48: Characterizing and tracking of antimicrobial resistance in the water-plant-food public health interface: an emerging water, sanitation and hygiene issue.
U. S. Partner: Manan Sharma, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA/ARS.
U. S. Partner: Richard Healy, USGS.
U. S. Partner: Stephen Ventura, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
U. S. Partner: Todd M. Anderson, Wake Forest University.
PI: Lesley Gordon Underhill, University of Cape Town, with co-PI Robert Peter Millar, University of Pretoria.
U. S. Partners: Walter Jetz, Yale University, and Robert Guralnik, University of Colorado at Boulder.
South Africa - Project 2-445: Application of cosmic ray probes for the validation of hydrometeorolgical and remote sensing models.
U. S. Partner: Marek Zreda, University of Arizona.
PI: Andrew McKechnie, University of Pretoria.
U. S. Partner: Blair Wolf, University of New Mexico.
PI: Hlanganani Tutu, University of the Witwatersrand.
U. S. Partner: Edward Rosenberg, University of Montana.
U. S. Partner: Mark Cohen, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
PI: Cecil King’ondu, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, with co-PI Owino Joseph Hazael Odero, South Eastern Kenya University.
U. S. Partner: Puxian Gao, University of Connecticut.
PI: Kisioki Moitiko and co-PI Robert Lange, The International Collaborative for Science, Education, and the Environment (Tanzania)
U. S. Partner: Krister Andersson, University of Colorado.
PIs: Madundo Mtambo and Burton Mwamila, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology.
U. S. Partner: Padmanabhan Seshaiyer , George Mason University.
PI: Joseph Ndunguru, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute.
U. S. Partner: Linda Hanley-Bowdoin, North Carolina State University.
U. S. Partner: Jesse Poland, Kansas State University.
PI: Elizeus Rutebemberwa, Makerere University.
U. S. Partner: Robert Pack, East Tennessee State University.
U. S. Partner: Forrest Melton, California State University Monterey Bay, and the NASA Ames Research Center Cooperative for Research in Earth Science and Technology (NASA ARC-CREST)
U. S. Partner: Mathew Rodell, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
U. S. Partner: Ivette Perfecto, University of Michigan.
PI: Achilles Katamba, Makerere University.
U. S. Partner: Adithya Cattamanchi, University of California at San Francisco.
PI: Anthony Mbonye, Makerere University.
U. S. Partner: Philip LaRussa, Columbia University.
U. S. Partner: Jennifer Jacobs, University of New Hampshire.
Afghanistan - Project 5-183: Impact of climate change on runoff from glaciers, snow, and rainfall in the Pamir and Hindu Kush Mountains: a comparison of Amu Darya and Kabul River basins.
U. S. Partners: Ulrich Kamp, University of Montana and Daniel Fagre, United States Geological Survey.
Afghanistan - 5-74: Regionalization of the Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System (GIDMaPS) for Afghanistan.
U. S. Partner: Amir AghaKouchak, University of California, Irvine.
Afghanistan - Project 5-33: Determination of floods magnitude projection, causes, vulnerable areas and its solutions: a cause study of Kabul River basin.
U. S. Partner: Jonathan Nelson, United States Geological Survey.
U. S. Partner: Devendra M. Amatya, USDA Forest Service Center for Forested Wetlands Research.
U. S. Partner: Jeff Dozier, University of California, Santa Barbara.
U. S. Partner: Douglas A Landis, Michigan State University.
PI: A. B.M, Kamal Pasha, Daffodil International University.
U. S. Partner: Demetrios Gatziolis, The United States Forest Service.
PI: Humnath Bhandari, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
U. S. Partner: Charles (Chuck) W. Rice, Kansas State University.
PI: Lutfe Ara, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b)
U. S. Partner: Eben Kenah, University of Florida.
U. S. Partner: Faisal Hossain, University of Washington.
PI: Zahirul Khan, Institute of Water Modeling.
U. S. Partner: Faisal Hossain, University of Washington.
PI: Ahammadul Kabir, Asia Arsenic Network.
U. S. Partner: Lutgarde Raskin, University of Michigan.
U. S. Partner: Thomas Juenger, University of Texas at Austin.
PI: Muhammad Salah Uddin Khan, ICDDR.
U. S. Partner: Peter Daszak, EcoHealth Alliance Inc.
PI: Syed Humayun Akhter, Dhaka University.
U. S. Partner: Michael Steckler, Columbia University.
PI: Anisur Rahman, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b)
U. S. Partner: Randall Kuhn, University of Denver.
U. S. Partner: Kevin Megown, Remote Sensing Applications Center.
PI: Phauk Sophany, Royal University of Phnom Penh.
U. S. Partner: Kevin Johnson, Illinois Natural History Survey.
PI: Chivorn Var, National Institute of Public Health (NIPH)
U. S. Partner: Richard Oberhelman, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine.
Partner: Deepak Sagi, GE India.
USDA Forest Service Collaborator: Susan Cordell, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry.
PI: Indra Sen and co-PI Rajiv Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology--Kanpur.
U. S. Partner: Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
PI: Krushnamegh Kunte, National Center for Biological Sciences.
U. S. Partner: Chris Simon, University of Connecticut.
U. S. Partner: Alexander Van Geen, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
PI: Harini Nagendra, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment.
U. S. Partner: Tom Evans, Indiana University.
India - Project PP-27: NSF-PIRE collaboration: developing low-carbon cities in India: focus on urban infrastructures, climate risks, and vulnerability.
U. S. Partner: Anu Ramaswami, University of Minnesota.
India - Project PP-26: NSF-PIRE collaboration: developing low-carbon cities in India: field research on water-energy-carbon baselines and low-carbon strategies in Indian cities.
U. S. Partner: Anu Ramaswami, University of Minnesota.
PI: Ida Astarini, Udayana University and BIONESIA.
U. S. Partner: Allen Collins, National Systematics Lab of NOAA’s Fisheries Service and Smithsonian Institution.
PI: Irwandi Irwandi, Syiah Kuala University.
U. S. Partner: Eugenia Etkina, Graduate School of Education, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
PI: Sonya Dewi, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) aka World Agroforestry Centre.
U. S. Partner: Randall Kolka, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station.
PI: Harkunti Pertiwi Rahayu, Institut Teknologi Bandung.
U. S. Partner: Louise Comfort, University of Pittsburgh.
PI: Bachti Alisjahbana, TB-HIV Research Center, Universitas Padjadjaran.
U. S. Partner: Megan Murray, Harvard Medical School.
U. S. Partner: Joel Kuipers, George Washington University.
U. S. Partner: Clifford Lane, US-NIAID.
U. S. Partner: Louise K. Comfort, University of Pittsburgh.
U. S. Partner: Phillip Crews, University of California Santa Cruz.
U. S. Partner: Justin Sheffield, Princeton University.
U. S. Partner: Jefferson Fox, East-West Center.
U. S. Partner: Louise Comfort, University of Pittsburgh.
U. S. Partner: Christopher Meyer, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
U. S. Partner: Kyria Boundy-Mills, University of California, Davis.
U. S. Partner: Catherine Matthews, University of North Carolina, Greensboro.
U. S. Partner: Nathan Tintle, Dordt College.
U. S. Partner: Brian Hopkinson, University of Georgia.
U. S. Partner: Gregory R. Carmichael, University of Iowa.
U. S. Partner: Brian Pfleger, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
U. S. Partner: James Foster, University of Hawaii.
PI: Syamsidik, Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Syiah Kuala University.
U. S. Partner: Philip L-F. Liu, Cornell University.
U. S. Partner: Louise K. Comfort, University of Pittsburgh.
Indonesia - Project 3-82: Sediment transport evaluation on the Bengawan Solo River (downstream and estuary) to minimize sedimentation and flood combining effect on nearby infrastructure.
PI: Ria Asih Aryani Soemitro, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
U. S. Partner: Gangfeng Ma, Old Dominion University.
U. S. Partner: Eric Nelson Smith, University of Texas at Arlington.
PI: Wiratni Budhijanto, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
U. S. Partner: Largus T. Angenent, Cornell University.
PI: I Made Wiryana, Universitas Gunadarma.
U. S. Partner: Campbell Webb, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
PI: Sri Yudawati Cahyarini with co-PI Intan Suci Nurhati, Indonesian Institute of Science (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia)
U. S. Partner: Mike Evans, University of Maryland.
PI: Made Pharmawati, Universitas Udayana.
U. S. Partners: Forest Rohwer, San Diego State University, and Paul H. Barber, University of California, Los Angeles.
Indonesia - Project 2-319: Combating seagrass decline: developing a restoration manual for Indonesia and the Coral Triangle.
PI: Rohani Ambo-Rappe, Universitas Hasanuddin.
U. S. Partners: John J. Stachowicz and Susan L. Williams, University of California, Davis.
Indonesia - Project 2-232: Exploring the dynamic of extreme weather events in Indonesia using large scale meteorological pattern as the forecast guidance (pilot study: Indramayu, West Java)
U. S. Partner: Richard Grotjahn, University of California, Davis.
PI: Kamarza Mulia, Universitas Indonesia.
U. S. Partner: Lisa Hunter, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Indonesia - Project 1-235: Coral health surveys in COREMAP: building resilience in climate-impacted coral reefs of Indonesia.
U. S. Partner: C. Drew Harvell, Cornell University.
Indonesia - Project 1-208: Assessing degradation of tropical peat domes and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from the Belait, Mempawah, and Lower Kapuas rivers in Borneo.
U. S. Partner: Charles F. Harvey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
PI: Abdul-Hamid Toha, State University of Papua.
U. S. Partner: Kent Carpenter, Old Dominion University.
PI: Frida Sidik, Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
U. S. Partner: Ilka Feller, Smithsonian Institution.
PI: I Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika, Universitas Udayana.
U. S. Partner: Kent Carpenter, Old Dominion University.
Indonesia - Project 1-90: Strengthening research and teaching capacity of the Andalas University in climate change and natural resources management.
U. S. Partner: Brendan Buckley, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University.
PI: Sang Putu Kaler Surata, Mahasaraswati University.
U. S. Partner: John Stephen Lansing, University of Arizona Tucson.
U. S. Partner: Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, University Medical Center Utrecht.
PI: Hadi Pratomo, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia.
U. S. Partner: Abdullah Baqui, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Indonesia – Project H2-2: Improving hospital care for breastfeeding support in Indonesia.
U. S. Partner: Valerie Flaherman, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine.
Indonesia – Project H2-1: Impact of reduced in-home secondhand smoke exposure on low birthweight prevalence and neonate health.
U. S. Partner: Donald Bailey, Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International.
PI: Andani Eka Putra, Andalas University.
U. S. Partner: Megan Murray, Harvard Medical School.
PI: Rovina Ruslami, Universitas Padjadjaran.
U. S. Partner: H. Clifford Lane, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
PI: Farida Handayani, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia.
U. S. Partner: David AuCoin, University of Nevada, Reno.
PI: Iwan Ariawan, Universitas Indonesia.
U. S. Partner: Muhammad Zaman, Boston University.
PI: Isra Wahid, Universitas Hasanuddin.
U. S. Partner: David Severson, University of Notre Dame.
U. S. Partner: Forrest Melton, California State University Monterey Bay, and the NASA Ames Research Center Cooperative for Research in Earth Science and Technology (NASA ARC-CREST)
U. S. Partner: Randall Koster, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
PI: Baatarbileg Nachin, National University of Mongolia.
U. S. Partner: Amy Hessl, West Virginia University.
PI: Bud Mendsaikhan, Mongol Ecology Center.
U. S. Partner: Olaf Jensen, Rutgers University.
PI: Sereeter Lodoysamba, National University of Mongolia.
U. S. Partner: Christa Hasenkopf, University of Colorado.
PI: Basant Giri, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences.
U. S. Partner: Toni Barstis, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana.
PI: Nama Budhathoki, Kathmandu Living Labs.
U. S. Partner: Kenneth Anderson, University of Colorado Boulder.
U. S. Partner: Walter Jetz, Yale University.
Nepal - Project 5-17: Cluster-controlled implementation science trial of integrated maternal newborn child healthcare delivery in group settings.
U. S. Partner: Duncan Maru, Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
PI: Rijan Bhakta Kayastha, Kathmandu University.
U. S. Partner: Mark W. Williams, University of Colorado.
PI: Sharat Verma, National Tuberculosis Center.
U. S. Partner: Kirk Smith, University of California, Berkeley.
U. S. Partner: Julie Kiang, U. S. Geological Survey, and Jerad Bales, U. S. Geological Survey.
U. S. Partners: Amir AghaKouchak, University of California, Irvine, and Konstantinos M. Andreadis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
U. S. Partner: Lauren Hay, USGS.
U. S. Partner: Tania Thomas, University of Virginia.
U. S. Partner: Falk Amelung, University of Miami.
PI: Maria Isabel Garcia, The Mind Museum (of the Bonifacio Art Foundation, Inc.)
U. S. Partner: Terrence Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences.
PI: Severino Salmo III, Ateneo de Manila University.
U. S. Partner: Ilka Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. Partner: Terrence Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences.
PI: Maria Carmen Ablan Lagman, De La Salle University.
U. S. Partner: Kent Carpenter, Old Dominion University.
PI: Marivic G. Pajaro, Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources.
U. S. Partner: Douglas Medin, Northwestern University.
U. S. Partner: Jonathon Winickoff, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
U. S. Partner: Kristy Murray, Baylor College of Medicine.
PI: Anna Ma. Lena Lopez, Institute of Child Health and Human Development, University of the Philippines Manila--National Institutes of Health.
U. S. Partner: Karin Nielsen, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine.
U. S. Partner: Bradfield Lyon, International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Lamont-Doherty Earth Institute at Columbia University.
PI: Pay Drechsel, International Water Management Institute, with co-PI Vijayaraghavan M. Chariar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.
U. S. Partner: James Elser, Arizona State University.
PI: Lareef Zubair, Foundation for Environment, Climate and Technology, Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka.
Co-PI: Piyasena Wickramagamage, University of Peradeniya.
U. S. Partner: Adam H. Sobel, Columbia University.
U. S. Partner: Mark Williams, University of Colorado Boulder.
U. S. Partner: Mary Brodzik, University of Colorado Boulder.
PI: Vilas Nitivattananon, Asian Institute of Technology; with co-PIs Sangam Shrestha, AIT; Thanapon Piman, Stockholm Environmental Institute; and Chheng Phen, Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute.
U. S. Partner: John Sabo, Arizona State University.
Thailand and Burma - Project 2-473: Analysis of historical forest carbon changes in Burma and Thailand and the contribution of climate variability and extreme weather events.
U. S. Partners: Merryl Alber and Monique Y. LeClerc, University of Georgia.
Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam - Project 2-93: Biodiversity and conservation in the Lower Mekong: empowering female herpetologists through capacity building and regional networking.
U. S. Partner: Bryan L. Stuart, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences.
PI: Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Asian Institute of Technology.
Co-PIs: Hoang Xuan Co, Hanoi University of Sciences Vietnam National University; Asep Sofyan, Institute of Technology Bandung; and Nguyen Tri Quang Hung, Nong Lam University.
U. S. Partner: Philip Hopke, Clarkson University.
PI: Oyture Anarbekov, International Water Management Institute - Central Asia Office.
U. S. Partner: James Ayars, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
Uzbekistan - Project 5-523: Implications of climate change, land use and adaptation interventions on water resources and agricultural production in Transboundary Amu Darya river basin.
PI: Zafar Gafurov, International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
U. S. Partner: John Bolten, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
U. S. Partner: Antarpreet Jutla, West Virginia University.
U. S. Partner: Robert Nowak, University of Nevada, Reno.
U. S. Partner: Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Johns Hopkins University.
U. S. Partner: James Ayars, USDA-ARS Water Management Unit.
PI: Kristina Toderich, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture.
U. S. Partner: Laurel Saito, University of Nevada.
PI: Dang Thuy Binh, Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University; with co-PIs Chheng Phen, Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute; Latsamy Phounvisouk, Living Aquatic Resources Research Center; Chaiwut Grudpan, Ubon Ratchathani University; and Mie Mie Kyaw, University of Mandalay.
U. S. Partner: Jeffrey Williams, Smithsonian Institution.
PI: Ngo Thi Thuy Huong, Vietnam Research Centre on Karst and Geoheritage of the Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources.
U. S. Partner: James Landmeyer, U. S. Geological Survey.
PI: Nguyen Van Hung, Vietnam National Tuberculosis Program.
U. S. Partner: Payam Nahid, University of California, San Francisco.
U. S. Partner: Mark Eakin, NOAA Coral Reef Watch.
U. S. Partner: John Bolten, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center.
U. S. Partner: Volker Radeloff, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
U. S. Partner: Faisal Hossain, University of Washington.
U. S. Partners: Carol Xiaohui Song and Venkatesh Merwade, Purdue University.
PI: Minh Le, Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies of Vietnam National University (VNU-CRES), with co-PIs Seak Sophat, Royal University of Phnom Penh, and Sengdeuane Wayakone, National University of Laos.
U. S. Partner: Mary Blair, The American Museum of Natural History.
U. S. Partner: Kent Carpenter, Old Dominion University.
PI: Pham T. K. Trang, Hanoi University of Science.
U. S. Partner: Benjamin Carlos Bostick and Alexander Van Geen, Columbia University.
PI: Tho H. Nguyen, Tan Tao University.
U. S. Partner: Brian Bingham, University of Hawaii.
PI: Dang Thuy Binh, Nha Trang University.
U. S. Partner: Kent E. Carpenter, Old Dominion University.
Vietnam - Project 1-319: Research and capacity building on REDD+, livelihoods, and vulnerability in Vietnam: developing tools for social analysis of development planning.
Co-PIs: Nguyen Viet Dung, PanNature--Center for People and Nature Reconciliation; and Tran Huu Nghi, Tropenbos International Vietnam.
U. S. Partner: Pamela McElwee, Rutgers University.
U. S. Partner: Stephen Schoenholtz, Virginia Water Resources Research Center.
PI: Khachatur Meliksetian, Institute of Geological Sciences, Armenian National Academy of Sciences.
U. S. Partner: Charles Connor, University of South Florida.
PI: Tea Godoladze, Ilia State University, with co-PIs Arkadi Karakhanyan (deceased, November 2017), Institute of Geological Sciences, Armenian Academy of Sciences; and Fakhraddin Abulfat oglu Kadirov, Institute of Geology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences.
U. S. Partner: Robert Reilinger, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
PI: Mikheil Elashvili, Ilia State University.
U. S. Partner: Louise Kellogg, University of California, Davis.
PI: Maria de la Mercedes Iriarte Puña, Centro de Aguas y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad Mayor de San Simon.
U. S. Partner: James Mihelcic, University of South Florida.
U. S. Partner: Jorge Rodrigues, University of California Davis.
Brazil - Project 5-9: History and diversification of floodplain forest bird communities in Amazonia: towards an integrated conservation plan.
U. S. Partner: Joel Cracraft, American Museum of Natural History.
U. S. Partner: Keith Willmott, University of Florida.
U. S. Partner: Stephen Perz, University of Florida.
U. S. Partner: Pierre Gentine, Columbia University.
U. S. Partner: James Cole, Michigan State University.
U. S. Partner: Michael Keller, USDA-Forest Service.
U. S. Partner: James Gibbs, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
U. S. Partner: Kirk Winemiller, Texas A&M University.
Brazil - Project 3-198: Biodiversity and socioeconomic impacts of palm oil bioenergy development in the Brazilian Amazon.
PI: Rodrigo Medeiros, Conservation International do Brasil, with co-PI Luciano Montag, Universidade Federal do Pará
U. S. Partner: Kathleen E. Halvorsen, Michigan Technological University.
PI: Rodrigo Feitosa, Universidade Federal do Paraná
U. S. Partner: Kenneth G. Ross, University of Georgia, Athens.
PI: Guarino Colli, Universidade de Brasília, with co-PIs Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, and Fernanda Werneck, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia–INPA.
U. S. Partner: Barry Raymond Sinervo, University of California, Santa Cruz.
PI: Bruno Henrique Pimentel Rosado, Centro de Gestão de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação – CGPDI.
U. S. Partner: Scott Saleska, University of Arizona.
PI: Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)
U. S. Partner: Priscila Chaverri, University of Maryland.
PI: Thiago Parente, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) (formerly at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)
U. S. Partner: Mark Hahn, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
U. S. Partner: Jennifer K. Balch, University of Colorado, Boulder.
U. S. Partner: Robert Brakenridge, Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO), CSDMS, INSTAAR, University of Colorado.
PI: Victor Cantillo, Universidad del Norte.
U. S. Partner: José Holguin Veras, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
PI: Juan Castaño, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
U. S. Partner: Jay Martin, The Ohio State University.
PI: Julio Eduardo Cañón, Universidad de Antioquia.
U. S. Partner: Francina Dominguez, University of Arizona.
U. S. Partner: Gerald Bauer, US Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry.
PI: Eduardo David Sagredo Robles, Universidad Tecnológica Santiago.
U. S. Partner: Naphtali David Rishe, Florida International University.
PI: Carlos Mena, Universidad San Francisco de Quito.
U. S. Partner: Thomas Rudel, Rutgers University.
PIs: Juan Manuel Guayasamin, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, and Andrea Encalada, Universidad San Francisco de Quito.
U. S. Partner: LeRoy Poff, Colorado State University.
U. S. Partner: Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Arizona State University.
PI: José Fredy Cruz, Universidad de El Salvador.
U. S. Partner: John S. Gierke, Michigan Technological University.
PI: Rochambeau Lainy, Groupe d'Initiative pour l'Etude de la Cognition du Langage, de l'Apprentissage et des Troubles (GIECLAT)
U. S. Partner: Sara Schley, Rochester Institute of Technology.
PI: Rene Jean-Jumeau, Universite Quisqueya.
U. S. Partner: Jerry Bauer, International Institute of Tropical Forestry.
U. S. Partner: Brian O'Neill, National Center for Atmospheric Research.
PI: Julio Sacramento-Rivero, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán.
U. S. Partner: Kathy Halvorsen et al., Michigan Technological University.
PI: Jorge Alberto Huete-Pérez, Universidad Centroamericana.
U. S. Partner: Martin Polz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
PI: Johny Cesar Ponce-Canchihuamán, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia & the Center for Research in Environmental Health (CREEH Perú)
U. S. Partner: Alexander van Geen, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
Peru - Project 5-259: AGUA-ANDES: ecological infrastructure strategies for enhancing water sustainability in the semi-arid Andes.
PI: Bram Willems, Centro de Competencias del Agua - CCA.
U. S. Partner: Andrea Gerlak, University of Arizona.
U. S. Partner: Miles Silman, Wake Forest University.
U. S. Partner: Bryan G. Mark, The Ohio State University.
PI: Bram Leo Willems, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
U. S. Partner: Christopher Scott, The University of Arizona.
PI: Luis Suarez, Instituto Geofisico del Peru (formerly at Universidad Continental)
U. S. Partner: Detlev Helmig, University of Colorado at Boulder.
PI: Roberto Zegarra Balcazar and Felio Carderon La Torre, (former PIs Karen Kraft and Julio F. Alegría), AEDES - Asociación Especializada para el Desarrollo Sostenible.
U. S. Partner: Joerg Schaefer, Columbia University.
Egypt - Project 5-601: Capacity building of health care providers in Egypt to counsel pregnant women and their families regarding smoking cessation and second hand smoking avoidance.
U. S. Partner: Scott Sherman, New York University.
U. S. Partner: Cheryl Oncken, University of Connecticut.
PI: Alaa Ibrahim, American University in Cairo.
U. S. Partner: Allison Steiner, University of Michigan.
PI: El Sayed Abbas Zaghloul, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences.
U. S. Partner: Magaly Koch, Boston University.
PI: Tikrit University.
U. S. Partner: Matthew Tarr, University of New Orleans.
PI: Nadia Al-Mudaffar, Marine Science Centre.
U. S. Partner: Brian Helmuth, Northeastern University, Marine Science Center.
PI: Suhad Yasin, University of Duhok.
U. S. Partner: Vince Beachley, Rowan University.
PI: Mahdi Ibrahim Aoda, Baghdad University.
U. S. Partners: G. Phillip Robertson and Alvin J. M. Smucker, Michigan State University.
PI: Christy Jo Geraci, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani.
U. S. Partners: Ann Rypstra and David Berg, Miami University of Ohio.
U. S. Partner: Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
U. S. Partner: Raghavan Srinivasan, Texas A&M University.
PI: Rana Dajani, Jordan Society for Scientific Research.
U. S. Partner: Gillian Bowser, Colorado State University.
PI: Samer Talozi, Jordan University of Science and Technology.
U. S. Partner: Steven M. Gorelick, Stanford University.
U. S. Partner: Mehmet Can Vuran, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
PI: Yaser Jararweh, Jordan University of Science and Technology.
U. S. Partner: George Jenerette, University of California, Riverside.
PI: Mo'ayyad Shawaqfah, Al al-Bayt University.
U. S. Partner: Mark Stone, University of New Mexico.
U. S. Partner: Diane Blake, Tulane University.
U. S. Partner: David Sedlak, University of California, Berkeley.
U. S. Partner: Joseph Wartman, University of Washington.
PI: Joanna Doummar, American University of Beirut.
U. S. Partner: Jason G. Gurdak, San Francisco State University.
PI: Naji N. Khoury, Notre Dame University-Louaize.
U. S. Partner: Michael A. Mooney, Colorado School of Mines.
PI: Charbel Afif, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth.
U. S. Partner: Sebastien Dusanter, University of Indiana.
PI: Grace Abou-Jaoude, Lebanese American University.
U. S. Partner: Joseph Wartman, University of Washington.
PI: Mutasem El Fadel, American University of Beirut.
U. S. Partner: James Smith, Princeton University.
PI: George Mitri, University of Balamand.
U. S. Partner: David McWethy, Montana State University.
PI: Antoine Ghauch, American University of Beirut.
U. S. Partner: Richard Luthy, Stanford University.
Morocco - Project 5-648: Data science for improved education and employability in Morocco.
U. S. Partner: Kathleen Carley, Carnegie Mellon University.
U. S. Partner: Driss Benhaddou, University of Houston.
U. S. Partner: Paul Flikkema, Northern Arizona University.
PI: Abdelhadi Soudi, Ecole Nationale de l'Industrie Minérale.
U. S. Partner: Corinne Vinopol, Institute for Disabilities Research and Training, Inc.
PI: Abdelhadi Soudi, Ecole National de l'Industrie Minerale.
U. S. Partner: Corinne Vinopol, Institute for Disabilities Research and Training, Inc.
PI: Sami Sayadi, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax.
U. S. Partner: Walter Mulbry, United States Department of Agriculture/ Agricultural Research Service.
Tunisia - Project 5-518: Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis: development and evaluation of multiplex POC DNA assays.
PI: Ikram Guizani, Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
U. S. Partner: Steven Reed, Infectious Disease Research Institute.
Tunisia - Project 5-195: Potential of currents along the Tunisia coasts for renewable power generation.
PI: Ali Harzallah, National Institute of Marine Science and Technologies.
U. S. Partner: Wassila Thiaw, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
PI: Nadia Chérif, National Institute of Sea Sciences and Technologies (INSTM)
U. S. Partner: James Winton, United States Geological Survey.
PI: Zoubeida Kebaili Bargaoui, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis.
U. S. Partner: Kelly Caylor, Princeton University.
PI: Issam A. Al-Khatib, Birzeit University.
U. S. Partners: Defne S. Apul, University of Toledo, and Steve Burian, University of Utah.
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